Receptors in lateral hypothalamic area involved in - AJP
... IC efferent synapses within the IC. In both this study and the cobaltous chloride experiments (11), inhibition of the response was rarely complete. This suggests that the connections between IC autonomic efferents and LHA neurons may be relatively diffusely distributed within this region. This postu ...
... IC efferent synapses within the IC. In both this study and the cobaltous chloride experiments (11), inhibition of the response was rarely complete. This suggests that the connections between IC autonomic efferents and LHA neurons may be relatively diffusely distributed within this region. This postu ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... potassium currents (34, 35). Our modeling studies have demonstrated that the reduction of these currents may change the balance between the potassium currents and persistent sodium current, allowing the latter to overcome the former. This, in turn, may release the persistent sodium-dependent intrins ...
... potassium currents (34, 35). Our modeling studies have demonstrated that the reduction of these currents may change the balance between the potassium currents and persistent sodium current, allowing the latter to overcome the former. This, in turn, may release the persistent sodium-dependent intrins ...
Anosmia and parosmia
... variability of reception is a fundamentally unanswered question of olfactory biology. Humans have an enormous part of their genome dedicated to the olfactory genes with almost 900 genes identified (half non-functional). These genes represent 3% of the estimated 30,000 genes in the human genome and a ...
... variability of reception is a fundamentally unanswered question of olfactory biology. Humans have an enormous part of their genome dedicated to the olfactory genes with almost 900 genes identified (half non-functional). These genes represent 3% of the estimated 30,000 genes in the human genome and a ...
Distinct roles of transcription factors EGL-46 and DAF
... neuron HOB require the activities of transcription factor EGL-46 and to some extent also EGL-44. This EGL-46regulated program is specific to HOB and is distinct from a general ciliogenic pathway functioning in all ciliated ...
... neuron HOB require the activities of transcription factor EGL-46 and to some extent also EGL-44. This EGL-46regulated program is specific to HOB and is distinct from a general ciliogenic pathway functioning in all ciliated ...
An Intracranial EEG Study of the Neural Dynamics of Musical
... sounds in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and auditory cortex. However, while that study provided evidence of valence processing in all 3 regions, it did not examine how they might interact. Indeed, in this regard, it has been suggested that oscillations in the theta band bring about integration ...
... sounds in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and auditory cortex. However, while that study provided evidence of valence processing in all 3 regions, it did not examine how they might interact. Indeed, in this regard, it has been suggested that oscillations in the theta band bring about integration ...
Organization of the Honey Bee Mushroom Body
... impregnations of various taxa, including the honey bee, have shown that the lobes are also richly supplied by afferent terminals from the protocerebrum (Li and Strausfeld, 1997; Ito et al., 1998; Strausfeld et al., 2000). From studies of reduced silver sections, Mobbs proposed that Kenyon cell axons ...
... impregnations of various taxa, including the honey bee, have shown that the lobes are also richly supplied by afferent terminals from the protocerebrum (Li and Strausfeld, 1997; Ito et al., 1998; Strausfeld et al., 2000). From studies of reduced silver sections, Mobbs proposed that Kenyon cell axons ...
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning
... A fundamental requirement of central nervous system development is that the system should continuously function, while undergoing major structural and functional developmental changes. It has been proposed that a major functional role of neuronal down-regulation during early infancy is to maintain n ...
... A fundamental requirement of central nervous system development is that the system should continuously function, while undergoing major structural and functional developmental changes. It has been proposed that a major functional role of neuronal down-regulation during early infancy is to maintain n ...
Hepatic but Not CNS-Expressed Human C
... that EAE onset was significantly delayed and EAE severity was significantly reduced in CRPtg compared to wildtype, but neuronal expression of CRP had no such impact (Figure 5 and Table 1). Expression of human CRP in the CNS has been documented by several groups [9–11] and while local expression is l ...
... that EAE onset was significantly delayed and EAE severity was significantly reduced in CRPtg compared to wildtype, but neuronal expression of CRP had no such impact (Figure 5 and Table 1). Expression of human CRP in the CNS has been documented by several groups [9–11] and while local expression is l ...
Spatial distribution and characterization of non
... basal locations but maintain an apical contact during mitoses [7,11,14]. These subapical progenitors are mainly characterized by undergoing multiple and fast rounds of division. The non-apical progenitor populations have been widely studied in the mammalian brain, and there is some evidence that the ...
... basal locations but maintain an apical contact during mitoses [7,11,14]. These subapical progenitors are mainly characterized by undergoing multiple and fast rounds of division. The non-apical progenitor populations have been widely studied in the mammalian brain, and there is some evidence that the ...
Possible Mechanism Underlying
... cocaine addiction as the sole treatment at this time. However, some evidence exists to suggest that acupuncture can be beneficial in the treatment of cocaine addiction as an adjunctive therapy (13). Importantly, there is considerable evidence to support that electroacupuncture at body points is also ...
... cocaine addiction as the sole treatment at this time. However, some evidence exists to suggest that acupuncture can be beneficial in the treatment of cocaine addiction as an adjunctive therapy (13). Importantly, there is considerable evidence to support that electroacupuncture at body points is also ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... Feeding behavior is dependent upon the integration of metabolic, autonomic, endocrine, and environmental factors coordinated with an appropriate state of cortical arousal (wakefulness). Historically, the hypothalamus has been recognized to play a critical role in maintaining energy homeostasis by in ...
... Feeding behavior is dependent upon the integration of metabolic, autonomic, endocrine, and environmental factors coordinated with an appropriate state of cortical arousal (wakefulness). Historically, the hypothalamus has been recognized to play a critical role in maintaining energy homeostasis by in ...
GLUCOCORTICOIDS INCREASE CNS INFLAMMATION
... hepatic cells, ensuring a supply of energy to exercising muscle. At the same time, GCs decrease less immediately essential activities such as feeding, digestion, growth and reproduction (1). Thus, two separate hormone systems conduct divergent effects over time on a variety of physiological paramete ...
... hepatic cells, ensuring a supply of energy to exercising muscle. At the same time, GCs decrease less immediately essential activities such as feeding, digestion, growth and reproduction (1). Thus, two separate hormone systems conduct divergent effects over time on a variety of physiological paramete ...
Fulltext - Jultika
... compound eyes. The aim of this study was to find out the functional properties by which the visual system and especially photoreceptors have adapted to cope with, i.e. to see in, dim light conditions. The function of photoreceptors was found to vary randomly in many respects, and the long axons seem ...
... compound eyes. The aim of this study was to find out the functional properties by which the visual system and especially photoreceptors have adapted to cope with, i.e. to see in, dim light conditions. The function of photoreceptors was found to vary randomly in many respects, and the long axons seem ...
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
... Different resolution images in different levels How do we know where the coarser level edges are in the finer edge detected image Seems very complex yet eye does it easily ...
... Different resolution images in different levels How do we know where the coarser level edges are in the finer edge detected image Seems very complex yet eye does it easily ...
Axonally Synthesized ATF4 Transmits a Neurodegenerative Signal across Brain Regions Baleriola,
... changes within axons may be primary events driving the development of the classical pathological changes (Krstic and Knuesel, 2013). For example, in AD brains with amyloid plaques restricted to the cortex, subcortical neurons with cortical projections degenerate, suggesting that axonal exposure to A ...
... changes within axons may be primary events driving the development of the classical pathological changes (Krstic and Knuesel, 2013). For example, in AD brains with amyloid plaques restricted to the cortex, subcortical neurons with cortical projections degenerate, suggesting that axonal exposure to A ...
Stress and Glucocorticoids Affect the Expression of Brain
... tyrosine receptor kinases (trkB or C). Corticosterone negative feedback may have contributed in part to the stressinduced decreases in BDNF mRNA levels, but stress still decreased BDNF in the dentate gyrus in adrenalectomized rats suggesting that additional components of the stress response must als ...
... tyrosine receptor kinases (trkB or C). Corticosterone negative feedback may have contributed in part to the stressinduced decreases in BDNF mRNA levels, but stress still decreased BDNF in the dentate gyrus in adrenalectomized rats suggesting that additional components of the stress response must als ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association cortices send primarily feedforward projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex and to the amygdala originating in the supragranular layers, in pathways that may provide signals about the external environment. The amygda ...
... processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association cortices send primarily feedforward projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex and to the amygdala originating in the supragranular layers, in pathways that may provide signals about the external environment. The amygda ...
Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10
... wide, its cells have a homogeneous distribution, and a slight size gradient is evident as one approaches layer IV. The pyramids are darkly stained. Layer IV is clearly evident, but thin, and includes small cells with medium staining. Its borders with layers III and V are easily seen. Layer Va includ ...
... wide, its cells have a homogeneous distribution, and a slight size gradient is evident as one approaches layer IV. The pyramids are darkly stained. Layer IV is clearly evident, but thin, and includes small cells with medium staining. Its borders with layers III and V are easily seen. Layer Va includ ...
Cues that hippocampal place cells encode
... were minimized by randomizing their locations, by making them irrelevant to task performance (O’Keefe and Speakman, 1987; O’Keefe and Burgess, 1996), and sometimes by randomizing the location of ongoing behavior relevant to those cues (Muller and Kubie, 1987; Muller et al., 1987). Typically in these ...
... were minimized by randomizing their locations, by making them irrelevant to task performance (O’Keefe and Speakman, 1987; O’Keefe and Burgess, 1996), and sometimes by randomizing the location of ongoing behavior relevant to those cues (Muller and Kubie, 1987; Muller et al., 1987). Typically in these ...
Immunohistochemical description of the endogenous cannabinoid
... by in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry has provided important insights into the functional neuroanatomy of the endocannabinoid system (Matsuda et al., 1993; Pettit et al., 1998; Egertová and Elphick, 2000; Van Sickle et al., 2005; Gong et al., 2006). Electrophysiological st ...
... by in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry has provided important insights into the functional neuroanatomy of the endocannabinoid system (Matsuda et al., 1993; Pettit et al., 1998; Egertová and Elphick, 2000; Van Sickle et al., 2005; Gong et al., 2006). Electrophysiological st ...
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... central nervous system. The overall activity level of the neural representation of a given action may determine its salience or propensity to be selected for execution, as proposed by Koechlin and Burnod (1996). Rather than dealing directly with the neural codes for each action, we propose that the ...
... central nervous system. The overall activity level of the neural representation of a given action may determine its salience or propensity to be selected for execution, as proposed by Koechlin and Burnod (1996). Rather than dealing directly with the neural codes for each action, we propose that the ...
Integration of Visual and Auditory Information by Superior Temporal
... 1996). Furthermore, the visual and auditory stimuli must be in close temporal contiguity for the neuronal responses to show supra-additivity (see Stein & Meredith, 1993, for a review). Single-cell physiology in macaque STS has shown that cells can code both visual and auditory information in the upp ...
... 1996). Furthermore, the visual and auditory stimuli must be in close temporal contiguity for the neuronal responses to show supra-additivity (see Stein & Meredith, 1993, for a review). Single-cell physiology in macaque STS has shown that cells can code both visual and auditory information in the upp ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... this book, involves measuring and characterizing how stimulus attributes, such as light or sound intensity, or motor actions, such as the direction of an arm movement, are represented by action potentials. The link between stimulus and response can be studied from two opposite points of view. Neural ...
... this book, involves measuring and characterizing how stimulus attributes, such as light or sound intensity, or motor actions, such as the direction of an arm movement, are represented by action potentials. The link between stimulus and response can be studied from two opposite points of view. Neural ...
The prototype effect revisited: Evidence for an abstract feature model
... consistent with a single model, it is worth restating what the holistic and configural results actually tell us. Holistic effects are evidence for the fact that upright faces are processed in a manner that is sensitive to multiple, integrated aspects of the face. Some have interpreted this as eviden ...
... consistent with a single model, it is worth restating what the holistic and configural results actually tell us. Holistic effects are evidence for the fact that upright faces are processed in a manner that is sensitive to multiple, integrated aspects of the face. Some have interpreted this as eviden ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.