Neural correlates of social exclusion during adolescence
... peer norms or peer pressure (Grosbras et al., 2007). Together these studies suggest that peer interactions are affectively salient to adolescents and this is reflected specifically by amygdala activity. Goals of the current study In the current study we simulated peer rejection, using a virtual ball ...
... peer norms or peer pressure (Grosbras et al., 2007). Together these studies suggest that peer interactions are affectively salient to adolescents and this is reflected specifically by amygdala activity. Goals of the current study In the current study we simulated peer rejection, using a virtual ball ...
Comprehensive Review of Golgi Staining Methods for Nervous Tissue
... steadily increased up to the mid-1900s (Pannese, 1999). This staining method was the sole technique that could visualize neurons at that time. On the basis of this technological background, more modified and developed staining methods, such as Golgi–Cox, rapid Golgi, and Golgi–Kopsch staining, were ...
... steadily increased up to the mid-1900s (Pannese, 1999). This staining method was the sole technique that could visualize neurons at that time. On the basis of this technological background, more modified and developed staining methods, such as Golgi–Cox, rapid Golgi, and Golgi–Kopsch staining, were ...
- TestbankU
... Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons. 2.1-34. A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells. a. phagocyte b. Schwann c. microglia d. astrocyte e. microtubule Difficulty: 1 Questi ...
... Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons. 2.1-34. A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells. a. phagocyte b. Schwann c. microglia d. astrocyte e. microtubule Difficulty: 1 Questi ...
Ascending Sensory Pathways
... GTOs detect sensory input neuromuscular (muscle) spindles and from the skeletal muscle and the GTOs (neurotendinous spindles), are associated with skeletal muscle only transmit it to the spinal cord ...
... GTOs detect sensory input neuromuscular (muscle) spindles and from the skeletal muscle and the GTOs (neurotendinous spindles), are associated with skeletal muscle only transmit it to the spinal cord ...
The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve
... If the rationale behind the DR is to preserve intrinsic oxygen stores (FIGURE 1), it is especially important for diving aquatic mammals, which spend up to 80% of their time submerged (77, 95), to bank as much oxygen as possible. Indeed, diving mammals do this several ways. Oxygen conservation is enh ...
... If the rationale behind the DR is to preserve intrinsic oxygen stores (FIGURE 1), it is especially important for diving aquatic mammals, which spend up to 80% of their time submerged (77, 95), to bank as much oxygen as possible. Indeed, diving mammals do this several ways. Oxygen conservation is enh ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... with the aid of a micromanipulator. The needle tips were inserted 2 mm below the dura and secured to the skull with dental cement. To ensure proper adhesion, the surface of the skull was wiped with ether prior to applying the cement. After the dental acrylic had hardened, the scalp was sutured close ...
... with the aid of a micromanipulator. The needle tips were inserted 2 mm below the dura and secured to the skull with dental cement. To ensure proper adhesion, the surface of the skull was wiped with ether prior to applying the cement. After the dental acrylic had hardened, the scalp was sutured close ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System - U
... overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interest to make it “stand out” from the others on an X-ray photograph Pinel's Biopsychology, 5th Ed. ...
... overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interest to make it “stand out” from the others on an X-ray photograph Pinel's Biopsychology, 5th Ed. ...
Hippocampus : Neurotransmission and Plasticity in the Nervous
... like consciousness, information processing, language, memory and sensation. The hippocampus is phylogenetically amongst the oldest structures of the brain. It lies beneath the neocortex, on the basal medial surface of the temporal lobes. The neocortex is the outer region of the cerebral cortex. It i ...
... like consciousness, information processing, language, memory and sensation. The hippocampus is phylogenetically amongst the oldest structures of the brain. It lies beneath the neocortex, on the basal medial surface of the temporal lobes. The neocortex is the outer region of the cerebral cortex. It i ...
A divergent canonical WNT-signaling pathway
... that ARM -catenin does not affect the ability of DVL-1 to stabilize microtubules (Fig. 3, D–G). Quantification of these experiments shows that -catenin does not stabilize microtubules and that neither -catenin nor ARM -catenin affect DVL microtubule-stabilizing function (Fig. 1 H). These finding ...
... that ARM -catenin does not affect the ability of DVL-1 to stabilize microtubules (Fig. 3, D–G). Quantification of these experiments shows that -catenin does not stabilize microtubules and that neither -catenin nor ARM -catenin affect DVL microtubule-stabilizing function (Fig. 1 H). These finding ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... LDT neurons was shown to be maximally active during REM sleep but silent during wake (Kayama et al., 1992). Although these authors proposed that these neurons were “possibly” cholinergic based on their firing properties and localization of the recording sites using NADPH-diaphorase immunochemistry ( ...
... LDT neurons was shown to be maximally active during REM sleep but silent during wake (Kayama et al., 1992). Although these authors proposed that these neurons were “possibly” cholinergic based on their firing properties and localization of the recording sites using NADPH-diaphorase immunochemistry ( ...
Local Connections to Specific Types of Layer 6
... structure remained to classify the cells based on their morphology. Because we were concerned that cortical columns may be askew to the plane of the slice and hence may affect the number of evoked EPSCs from superficial layers, we took certain precautions to ensure that the circuitry to the apical d ...
... structure remained to classify the cells based on their morphology. Because we were concerned that cortical columns may be askew to the plane of the slice and hence may affect the number of evoked EPSCs from superficial layers, we took certain precautions to ensure that the circuitry to the apical d ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
Neurally Plausible Model of Robot Reaching Inspired by Infant
... First of all, I would like to thank my Ph.D. advisor and mentor, Dr. Bruce MacLennan for his support, guidance, and patience throughout the course of my study. This dissertation would not have been completed without his invaluable teachings and inputs during our weekly meetings. I appreciate that he ...
... First of all, I would like to thank my Ph.D. advisor and mentor, Dr. Bruce MacLennan for his support, guidance, and patience throughout the course of my study. This dissertation would not have been completed without his invaluable teachings and inputs during our weekly meetings. I appreciate that he ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
... Abstract—The circadian clock housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls various circadian rhythms including daily sleep–wake cycles. Using dual tract-tracing, we recently showed that the medial preoptic area (MPA), subparaventricular zone (SPVZ) and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) a ...
... Abstract—The circadian clock housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls various circadian rhythms including daily sleep–wake cycles. Using dual tract-tracing, we recently showed that the medial preoptic area (MPA), subparaventricular zone (SPVZ) and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) a ...
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review
... Myelin and nerve fibers in aging degenerative, age-related alterations that affect the integrity of myelin sheaths. It should be pointed out however, that both of these changes are localized and do not extend along the entire length of an internode. This can be seen in longitudinal sections of affe ...
... Myelin and nerve fibers in aging degenerative, age-related alterations that affect the integrity of myelin sheaths. It should be pointed out however, that both of these changes are localized and do not extend along the entire length of an internode. This can be seen in longitudinal sections of affe ...
PDF
... shown in the lower panel. In the spinal cord (SC), one branch of the afferents enters the ascending dorsal column pathway to terminate in the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (violet line). The other branch terminates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal hor ...
... shown in the lower panel. In the spinal cord (SC), one branch of the afferents enters the ascending dorsal column pathway to terminate in the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (violet line). The other branch terminates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal hor ...
Different Roles for Amygdala Central Nucleus and Substantia
... substantia innominata/nucleus basalis magnocellularis (SI/ nBM), and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). We proposed that surprise-induced cortical processing of sensory events was enhanced by activity of the SI/nBM, which in turn was modulated by the CeA. In one of the protocols used in our previo ...
... substantia innominata/nucleus basalis magnocellularis (SI/ nBM), and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). We proposed that surprise-induced cortical processing of sensory events was enhanced by activity of the SI/nBM, which in turn was modulated by the CeA. In one of the protocols used in our previo ...
(2010) Surround suppression sharpens the priority map in the lateral
... saccade target appeared and the monkey had to maintain fixation throughout the trial to get his reward. After ⬃50 trials of the no-saccade control task, we had the monkey perform several variants of the delayed saccade paradigm. We ran each task only on a subset of neurons, depending on the neuron’s ...
... saccade target appeared and the monkey had to maintain fixation throughout the trial to get his reward. After ⬃50 trials of the no-saccade control task, we had the monkey perform several variants of the delayed saccade paradigm. We ran each task only on a subset of neurons, depending on the neuron’s ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... the pial surface. After layers I through I I I had been removed sectioning was continued until layer IV was reached. The block face was then trimmed to a trapezoid about o.~ • o.2 m m in size and serial thin sections were taken. The sections were faintly golden in colour. These serial sections were ...
... the pial surface. After layers I through I I I had been removed sectioning was continued until layer IV was reached. The block face was then trimmed to a trapezoid about o.~ • o.2 m m in size and serial thin sections were taken. The sections were faintly golden in colour. These serial sections were ...
... diabetes. The importance of this pathway in tumourogenesis has been highlighted by introducing the PDK1 PH domain knock-in mutation into cancer-prone PTEN+/- mice, which resulted in the delayed tumour onset, suggesting that even moderate reduction of PKB activity can significantly delay tumour initi ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... distributed randomly within a rectangular region 28 mm wide and 250 mm (first monkey) or 175 mm (second monkey) long (for details, see DiC arlo et al., 1998). Dots were randomly distributed within this rectangular region with a mean density of 10 dots/cm 2. Each dot was 400 mm high (relief from the ...
... distributed randomly within a rectangular region 28 mm wide and 250 mm (first monkey) or 175 mm (second monkey) long (for details, see DiC arlo et al., 1998). Dots were randomly distributed within this rectangular region with a mean density of 10 dots/cm 2. Each dot was 400 mm high (relief from the ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... kept the same as the normal state). These updates reflect changes in strengths and numbers of connections as well as lessening of STD of GPe–STN connections resulting from the lower GPe firing rates seen experimentally with dopamine depletion (Stanford and Cooper, 1999; Ogura and Kita, 2000; Cragg e ...
... kept the same as the normal state). These updates reflect changes in strengths and numbers of connections as well as lessening of STD of GPe–STN connections resulting from the lower GPe firing rates seen experimentally with dopamine depletion (Stanford and Cooper, 1999; Ogura and Kita, 2000; Cragg e ...
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... c. The kinesin molecule is involved in retrograde axoplasmic transport. d. Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport. e. Transport of materials occurs only in one direction. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1-26 Page Ref: 35 Topic: Neurons Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Retr ...
... c. The kinesin molecule is involved in retrograde axoplasmic transport. d. Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport. e. Transport of materials occurs only in one direction. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1-26 Page Ref: 35 Topic: Neurons Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Retr ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... The term motor unit applies to a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls. Each motor neuron branches to innervate many muscle fibers, which receive input from only one motor neuron (except very early in development and in some disease states). The number of fibers in a motor unit varies accordin ...
... The term motor unit applies to a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls. Each motor neuron branches to innervate many muscle fibers, which receive input from only one motor neuron (except very early in development and in some disease states). The number of fibers in a motor unit varies accordin ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.