Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
The W cell pathway to cat primary visual cortex
... Almost half (118 boutons) were sectioned serially and completely reconstructed. The remainder (113) were less complete, often single sections, but more if it was necessary to the identification of the postsynaptic target. Together these sections provided 260 labeled synapses all of which were asymmet ...
... Almost half (118 boutons) were sectioned serially and completely reconstructed. The remainder (113) were less complete, often single sections, but more if it was necessary to the identification of the postsynaptic target. Together these sections provided 260 labeled synapses all of which were asymmet ...
Functional Neuroanatomy of Anxiety: A Neural Circuit Perspective
... disorders appear to involve a more generalized dysregulation of negative affect, suggesting that a rich explanatory model of anxiety also has to take these factors into consideration. In order to understand the neurobiology of anxiety, we must therefore first elaborate on the neural circuitry underl ...
... disorders appear to involve a more generalized dysregulation of negative affect, suggesting that a rich explanatory model of anxiety also has to take these factors into consideration. In order to understand the neurobiology of anxiety, we must therefore first elaborate on the neural circuitry underl ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... Mirror neurons establish a link between the observation of an act in another and self-generation of that same act. Such a remarkable correspondence between sensory and motor roles in single neurons has led to numerous suggestions about the function of mirror neurons in communication, imitation learn ...
... Mirror neurons establish a link between the observation of an act in another and self-generation of that same act. Such a remarkable correspondence between sensory and motor roles in single neurons has led to numerous suggestions about the function of mirror neurons in communication, imitation learn ...
Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal
... single neuron level, speed predominates over velocity. The predominant speed representation was present in nearly all iEEG signal features, up to the 600–1000 Hz range. Using a model of motor-cortical signals arising from neuronal populations with realistic single neuron tuning properties, we show h ...
... single neuron level, speed predominates over velocity. The predominant speed representation was present in nearly all iEEG signal features, up to the 600–1000 Hz range. Using a model of motor-cortical signals arising from neuronal populations with realistic single neuron tuning properties, we show h ...
Sample
... c. The kinesin molecule is involved in retrograde axoplasmic transport. d. Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport. e. Transport of materials occurs only in one direction. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1-26 Page Ref: 35 Topic: Neurons Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Retr ...
... c. The kinesin molecule is involved in retrograde axoplasmic transport. d. Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport. e. Transport of materials occurs only in one direction. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1-26 Page Ref: 35 Topic: Neurons Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Retr ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... D Abstract- This theoretical paper describes the "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decreas ...
... D Abstract- This theoretical paper describes the "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decreas ...
Vision for Prehension in the Medial Parietal Cortex - Gallettilab
... 1999). The representation of the lower contralateral quadrant is particularly emphasized, from the fovea to the far periphery (see Fig. 3A). Interestingly, this part of the visual field shows psychophysical advantages for hand action control. In fact, when the visual stimulus is in the lower visual fi ...
... 1999). The representation of the lower contralateral quadrant is particularly emphasized, from the fovea to the far periphery (see Fig. 3A). Interestingly, this part of the visual field shows psychophysical advantages for hand action control. In fact, when the visual stimulus is in the lower visual fi ...
button - TestbankEbook
... c. The kinesin molecule is involved in retrograde axoplasmic transport. d. Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport. e. Transport of materials occurs only in one direction. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1-26 Page Ref: 35 Topic: Neurons Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Retr ...
... c. The kinesin molecule is involved in retrograde axoplasmic transport. d. Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport. e. Transport of materials occurs only in one direction. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1-26 Page Ref: 35 Topic: Neurons Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. Retr ...
Cathepsin B–green fluorescent protein
... produced a flat network, where regular polygons could be distinguished (Fig. 1C,D). Laminin organization in polygonal flat arrays had previously been observed on the surfaces of cultured myotubes, Schwann cells and on embryoid bodies (Colognato et al., 1999; Lohikangas et al., 2001; Tsiper and Yurch ...
... produced a flat network, where regular polygons could be distinguished (Fig. 1C,D). Laminin organization in polygonal flat arrays had previously been observed on the surfaces of cultured myotubes, Schwann cells and on embryoid bodies (Colognato et al., 1999; Lohikangas et al., 2001; Tsiper and Yurch ...
Mammalian Models of CNS Regeneration - Wiley-VCH
... 1 The Role of Inhibitory Molecules in Limiting Axonal Regeneration in the Mammalian Spinal Cord ...
... 1 The Role of Inhibitory Molecules in Limiting Axonal Regeneration in the Mammalian Spinal Cord ...
BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic
... Abbreviations: ADF, actin-depolymerizing factor; A2RE, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2 response element; Arc, activity-regulated cytoskeletonassociated protein; AS, antisense; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CaMKII, Ca2þ- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CaMKK, ...
... Abbreviations: ADF, actin-depolymerizing factor; A2RE, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2 response element; Arc, activity-regulated cytoskeletonassociated protein; AS, antisense; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CaMKII, Ca2þ- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CaMKK, ...
Stochastic neural network dynamics: synchronisation and control
... One common feature of all cells is the surrounding surface membrane that is differentially permeable; these membranes selectively exchange specific nutrients and gases between the cell’s interior and its surrounding fluid. Membranes encompass a nucleus within an intracellular fluid called the cytop ...
... One common feature of all cells is the surrounding surface membrane that is differentially permeable; these membranes selectively exchange specific nutrients and gases between the cell’s interior and its surrounding fluid. Membranes encompass a nucleus within an intracellular fluid called the cytop ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... In principle, the visual system could adjust to recent sensory input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered r ...
... In principle, the visual system could adjust to recent sensory input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered r ...
Condition interference in rats performing a choice task with switched
... Variable-reward-condition trials with the same rewardprobability setting were referred to as a block; a block consisted of at least 20 trials. Subsequently, the block was changed when the rat selected the more rewarding hole in ≥80% of the last 20 variable-reward-condition trials (Ito and Doya, 2009 ...
... Variable-reward-condition trials with the same rewardprobability setting were referred to as a block; a block consisted of at least 20 trials. Subsequently, the block was changed when the rat selected the more rewarding hole in ≥80% of the last 20 variable-reward-condition trials (Ito and Doya, 2009 ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... 4C). When we simulate an attentional signal with inhibitory surround effect, we use r9A = 0.52, A0 = –0.48 and A1 = 1.5. For each of these models, and each parameter set explored, we found the network activity pattern in response to a single stimulus (centered at xS), and the spatial tuning curve of ...
... 4C). When we simulate an attentional signal with inhibitory surround effect, we use r9A = 0.52, A0 = –0.48 and A1 = 1.5. For each of these models, and each parameter set explored, we found the network activity pattern in response to a single stimulus (centered at xS), and the spatial tuning curve of ...
Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour
... many of the mechanisms that underlie recovery are similar to those involved with plasticity in the intact brain26. Here, we expand on the premise that stroke recovery mechanisms are based on both structural and functional changes in brain circuits that have a close functional relationship to those a ...
... many of the mechanisms that underlie recovery are similar to those involved with plasticity in the intact brain26. Here, we expand on the premise that stroke recovery mechanisms are based on both structural and functional changes in brain circuits that have a close functional relationship to those a ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy
... Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and ...
... Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and ...
The Role of Histamine H1 , H2 and H3 Receptors on Enteric
... in these conditions does not inhibit the contraction produced by exogenous bradykinin (Ambache and Aboo Zar, 1970) is unlikely to inhibit directly the muscle. Thus the inhibitory action is likely to be via enteric neurons. A third class of histamine receptors has been identified. Histamine H3 recept ...
... in these conditions does not inhibit the contraction produced by exogenous bradykinin (Ambache and Aboo Zar, 1970) is unlikely to inhibit directly the muscle. Thus the inhibitory action is likely to be via enteric neurons. A third class of histamine receptors has been identified. Histamine H3 recept ...
The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... emotion. It provides an anatomic basis for the observations of cerebellar activation by cognitive and affective paradigms in functional neuroimaging experiments. It helps explain the clinical phenomena that characterize the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and it provides an anatomic basis f ...
... emotion. It provides an anatomic basis for the observations of cerebellar activation by cognitive and affective paradigms in functional neuroimaging experiments. It helps explain the clinical phenomena that characterize the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and it provides an anatomic basis f ...
Wild type human TDP-43 potentiates ALS-linked mutant TDP
... Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and cytoplasmic inclusions containing transactive response (TAR) DNA binding protein (TDP-43) are present in ~90 % of cases. Here we report detailed pathology in human TDP-43 transgenic mice t ...
... Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and cytoplasmic inclusions containing transactive response (TAR) DNA binding protein (TDP-43) are present in ~90 % of cases. Here we report detailed pathology in human TDP-43 transgenic mice t ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... to the glands could not be detected by dissection in any species studied (for overview, see Fig. 3a–c). Neuronal tracing of the N. transversus in P. schultei, C. morosus and S. sipylus revealed innervation of a small muscle in the prothorax next to the defence gland, but not of the defence gland its ...
... to the glands could not be detected by dissection in any species studied (for overview, see Fig. 3a–c). Neuronal tracing of the N. transversus in P. schultei, C. morosus and S. sipylus revealed innervation of a small muscle in the prothorax next to the defence gland, but not of the defence gland its ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... taste and food reward systems operate somewhat differently from those of primates and humans (114–116). In brief, the taste system is different in rodents in that there is a pontine taste area, which then projects subcortically, whereas in primates there is no pontine taste area, and cortical proces ...
... taste and food reward systems operate somewhat differently from those of primates and humans (114–116). In brief, the taste system is different in rodents in that there is a pontine taste area, which then projects subcortically, whereas in primates there is no pontine taste area, and cortical proces ...
Hedonic Hotspots Regulate Cingulate-driven
... data were then acquired in 2 consecutive runs of 32 mini-blocks. All trials were presented against a black background (1024 × 768 pix). Each mini-block started with a funny or neutral cartoons (500 × 500 pix; presented in a quasi-random order) for 6 s. Each cartoon was only presented once during the ...
... data were then acquired in 2 consecutive runs of 32 mini-blocks. All trials were presented against a black background (1024 × 768 pix). Each mini-block started with a funny or neutral cartoons (500 × 500 pix; presented in a quasi-random order) for 6 s. Each cartoon was only presented once during the ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.