Activation of the hypothalamic feeding centre upon visual
... behaviours in rodents6 and at the sight of familiar food in monkeys7. However, because these studies used animals with prior feeding experience, it is not clear whether sensory-driven hypothalamic activity for appetitive behaviour is innate or learned through experience. In lower vertebrates that re ...
... behaviours in rodents6 and at the sight of familiar food in monkeys7. However, because these studies used animals with prior feeding experience, it is not clear whether sensory-driven hypothalamic activity for appetitive behaviour is innate or learned through experience. In lower vertebrates that re ...
Brainstem (II)
... appear to contain biogenic amines – such cells number only in the thousands……many of the cells containing these transmitters are clustered together in a discrete region of the brain, the brainstem.” -- Nicholls et al., From Neuron To Brain ...
... appear to contain biogenic amines – such cells number only in the thousands……many of the cells containing these transmitters are clustered together in a discrete region of the brain, the brainstem.” -- Nicholls et al., From Neuron To Brain ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... cerebral cortex, have both clarified the routes for BG involvement in motor control and solidified a role for these structures in nonmotor function. The aim of this introductory chapter is twofold. First, it illustrates BG connections, primarily those with the cerebral cortex, in relation to their ...
... cerebral cortex, have both clarified the routes for BG involvement in motor control and solidified a role for these structures in nonmotor function. The aim of this introductory chapter is twofold. First, it illustrates BG connections, primarily those with the cerebral cortex, in relation to their ...
Cortical Connectivity Suggests a Role in Limb
... In macaques, superior parietal lobule area 5 has been described as occupying an extensive region, which includes the caudal half of the postcentral convexity as well as the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Modern neuroanatomical methods have allowed the identification of various areas within ...
... In macaques, superior parietal lobule area 5 has been described as occupying an extensive region, which includes the caudal half of the postcentral convexity as well as the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Modern neuroanatomical methods have allowed the identification of various areas within ...
Regulation of thalamocortical axon branching by BDNF and synaptic vesicle cycling
... receptor antagonists were purchased from Tocris Cookson. A 100 W Xenon arc lamp was used for illumination. To minimize photobleaching, the light was attenuated 4–8 times using neutral density filters. A Uniblitz VMM-D3 shutter was used to restrict illumination to periods when the camera was actively ...
... receptor antagonists were purchased from Tocris Cookson. A 100 W Xenon arc lamp was used for illumination. To minimize photobleaching, the light was attenuated 4–8 times using neutral density filters. A Uniblitz VMM-D3 shutter was used to restrict illumination to periods when the camera was actively ...
Here - Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience
... when navigating toward an unseen goal. To solve such tasks, we must rely on internal representations of object locations within their environment. Here we attempt to develop a model of the uses of these internal representations in spatial memory, incorporating data from single-unit recording systems ...
... when navigating toward an unseen goal. To solve such tasks, we must rely on internal representations of object locations within their environment. Here we attempt to develop a model of the uses of these internal representations in spatial memory, incorporating data from single-unit recording systems ...
ch_16_lecture_presentation
... • Axon terminals • Form branching networks of telodendria instead of synaptic terminals • Telodendria form sympathetic varicosities • Resemble string of pearls • Swollen segment packed with neurotransmitter vesicles • Pass along or near surface of effector cells ...
... • Axon terminals • Form branching networks of telodendria instead of synaptic terminals • Telodendria form sympathetic varicosities • Resemble string of pearls • Swollen segment packed with neurotransmitter vesicles • Pass along or near surface of effector cells ...
Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals
... To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory and motor systems capable of reorganization?" Recent experiments on the motor, visual and auditory systems suggest that the capacity to rcorganizc characterizes all c ...
... To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory and motor systems capable of reorganization?" Recent experiments on the motor, visual and auditory systems suggest that the capacity to rcorganizc characterizes all c ...
Neural realisation of the SP theory
... To get the flavour of the way in which Old patterns are created, consider a simple example. If the current pattern in New is ‘t h e b o y r u n s’ and the repository of Old patterns is empty, the system discovers that there is no way to encode the New pattern economically in terms of Old information ...
... To get the flavour of the way in which Old patterns are created, consider a simple example. If the current pattern in New is ‘t h e b o y r u n s’ and the repository of Old patterns is empty, the system discovers that there is no way to encode the New pattern economically in terms of Old information ...
The control of rostrocaudal pattern in the developing spinal cord
... within the developing chick hindbrain (Itasaki et al., 1996; Grapin-Botton et al., 1997). At spinal cord levels, signals from the somites have been shown to restrict the rostrocaudal spread of clonally related cells (Stern et al., 1991). Moreover, different rostrocaudal domains of the embryonic spin ...
... within the developing chick hindbrain (Itasaki et al., 1996; Grapin-Botton et al., 1997). At spinal cord levels, signals from the somites have been shown to restrict the rostrocaudal spread of clonally related cells (Stern et al., 1991). Moreover, different rostrocaudal domains of the embryonic spin ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
... ranging from local circuit remodeling to somatotopic reorganization. However, the link between circuit remodeling and somatotopic reorganization remains unclear. We have previously reported that transection of the primary whisker sensory nerve causes the abnormal rewiring of lemniscal fibers (sensor ...
... ranging from local circuit remodeling to somatotopic reorganization. However, the link between circuit remodeling and somatotopic reorganization remains unclear. We have previously reported that transection of the primary whisker sensory nerve causes the abnormal rewiring of lemniscal fibers (sensor ...
Retinal projection to the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali
... compared to those labeled from nBOR, in which the proportion of DGCs was much higher (84–93%). DGCs were also labeled after injections into the anterior dorsolateral thalamus. The proportion was small (2–3%), and these DGCs were smaller in size than those projecting to the nBOR and LM. No DGCs were ...
... compared to those labeled from nBOR, in which the proportion of DGCs was much higher (84–93%). DGCs were also labeled after injections into the anterior dorsolateral thalamus. The proportion was small (2–3%), and these DGCs were smaller in size than those projecting to the nBOR and LM. No DGCs were ...
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning
... Fig. 3. Confocal images showing arc mRNA (cy-3, red), PPE mRNA (cy-5, blue), and nuclear (Sytox Green) staining in the DM and DL striata of (A) caged control rats, (B) rats engaged in reversal learning on the T-maze, and (C) rats engaged in continued-acquisition trials on the T-maze. Scale bar, 10 l ...
... Fig. 3. Confocal images showing arc mRNA (cy-3, red), PPE mRNA (cy-5, blue), and nuclear (Sytox Green) staining in the DM and DL striata of (A) caged control rats, (B) rats engaged in reversal learning on the T-maze, and (C) rats engaged in continued-acquisition trials on the T-maze. Scale bar, 10 l ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Decomposing the
... others 2013).Transcortical projections might play a crucial role in the context-dependent state-changes commonly observed in MEPs during action preparation. One additional advantage of TMS is that one can employ protocols that allow for probing the state of several of the outlined circuits directly ...
... others 2013).Transcortical projections might play a crucial role in the context-dependent state-changes commonly observed in MEPs during action preparation. One additional advantage of TMS is that one can employ protocols that allow for probing the state of several of the outlined circuits directly ...
Maternal thyroid hormones are transcriptionally active during
... controlling the expression of the LacZ reporter gene, which encodes -galactosidase (-gal). The specificity of the TRE2⫻ activation by TH was evaluated in NIH3T3 cells by cotransfecting TRE2⫻ along with TRs, retinoic or oestrogen receptors in the presence of their specific ligands. TRE2⫻ transgene ...
... controlling the expression of the LacZ reporter gene, which encodes -galactosidase (-gal). The specificity of the TRE2⫻ activation by TH was evaluated in NIH3T3 cells by cotransfecting TRE2⫻ along with TRs, retinoic or oestrogen receptors in the presence of their specific ligands. TRE2⫻ transgene ...
Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal
... single neuron level, speed predominates over velocity. The predominant speed representation was present in nearly all iEEG signal features, up to the 600–1000 Hz range. Using a model of motor-cortical signals arising from neuronal populations with realistic single neuron tuning properties, we show h ...
... single neuron level, speed predominates over velocity. The predominant speed representation was present in nearly all iEEG signal features, up to the 600–1000 Hz range. Using a model of motor-cortical signals arising from neuronal populations with realistic single neuron tuning properties, we show h ...
Biological Bases of Bx Test
... d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. e. the ending of the refractory period. ...
... d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. e. the ending of the refractory period. ...
the organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
... to block an impending object. How are these behavioral needs reflected in the motor circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components ...
... to block an impending object. How are these behavioral needs reflected in the motor circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components ...
Differential effects of 10-Hz and 40
... separate attention systems with somewhat different time courses and effects on behavior and neural activity. While these EEG and MEG studies have provided insight into the links between neural activity and behavior, the evidence obtained using these methods is ultimately only correlational. Demonstr ...
... separate attention systems with somewhat different time courses and effects on behavior and neural activity. While these EEG and MEG studies have provided insight into the links between neural activity and behavior, the evidence obtained using these methods is ultimately only correlational. Demonstr ...
UNC-119 suppresses axon branching
... categorized as: (1) normal (these reached and bifurcated at the dorsal midline and then extended along the anteroposterior axis); (2) extension defective (reached the dorsal midline but failed to bifurcate and extend along the anteroposterior axis); (3) branched (contained multiple branches that ext ...
... categorized as: (1) normal (these reached and bifurcated at the dorsal midline and then extended along the anteroposterior axis); (2) extension defective (reached the dorsal midline but failed to bifurcate and extend along the anteroposterior axis); (3) branched (contained multiple branches that ext ...
Position Selectivity in Scene- and Object-Responsive
... hand, if these regions contain neurons with larger, less position-specific RFs, this may indicate that they encode information about more global visual features that are truly unique to scenes, such as large extended surfaces defined by walls, hillsides, and other topographical features, which can b ...
... hand, if these regions contain neurons with larger, less position-specific RFs, this may indicate that they encode information about more global visual features that are truly unique to scenes, such as large extended surfaces defined by walls, hillsides, and other topographical features, which can b ...
Neural Networks
... Especially, I would like to thank Beate Kuhl for translating the entire text from German to English, and for her questions which made me think of changing the phrasing of some paragraphs. I would particularly like to thank Prof. Rolf Eckmiller and Dr. Nils Goerke as well as the entire Division of Ne ...
... Especially, I would like to thank Beate Kuhl for translating the entire text from German to English, and for her questions which made me think of changing the phrasing of some paragraphs. I would particularly like to thank Prof. Rolf Eckmiller and Dr. Nils Goerke as well as the entire Division of Ne ...
download file
... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... cuticle of the hair shaft, the third cell differentiates into a neuron and the fourth cell differentiates into the accessory cell (Bate, 1978). The sensory neuron axon navigates into the CNS where it forms specific synaptic connections with first order interneurons (Bacon and Murphey, 1984) and moto ...
... cuticle of the hair shaft, the third cell differentiates into a neuron and the fourth cell differentiates into the accessory cell (Bate, 1978). The sensory neuron axon navigates into the CNS where it forms specific synaptic connections with first order interneurons (Bacon and Murphey, 1984) and moto ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.