The Loss of Glutamate-GABA Harmony in Anxiety Disorders
... benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor, thus enhancing the affinity of the natural agonist to the receptor, known as benzodiazepines (Sternbach et al., 1974). The number of representatives of the group reaches nearly 80, and diazepam is probably the best known not only as an anxiolytic, b ...
... benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor, thus enhancing the affinity of the natural agonist to the receptor, known as benzodiazepines (Sternbach et al., 1974). The number of representatives of the group reaches nearly 80, and diazepam is probably the best known not only as an anxiolytic, b ...
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU
... children are not usually placed on a restricted diet. Since Phe and tyrosine compete for the same transporter proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier, increases in the ratio of Phe to tyrosine in plasma result in less tyrosine crossing into the brain (Chirigos et al., 1960; Pardridge and Olendorf, ...
... children are not usually placed on a restricted diet. Since Phe and tyrosine compete for the same transporter proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier, increases in the ratio of Phe to tyrosine in plasma result in less tyrosine crossing into the brain (Chirigos et al., 1960; Pardridge and Olendorf, ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... of the animal at the time of study (Mountcastle et al., 1981); they also vary with the parameters of the stimuli used to establish them. We define the relations between the frequency of discharge of PVNs and stimulus speed and emphasize that, while PVNs are extremely sensitive to stimulus motion, th ...
... of the animal at the time of study (Mountcastle et al., 1981); they also vary with the parameters of the stimuli used to establish them. We define the relations between the frequency of discharge of PVNs and stimulus speed and emphasize that, while PVNs are extremely sensitive to stimulus motion, th ...
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... Synchronous Firing Synchronous firing is a process used by a small minority of neurons in the brain that communicate directly without sending chemical messengers. Their operation has not been fully understood by researchers. Plasticity The brain can adapt or modify itself, a process known as p ...
... Synchronous Firing Synchronous firing is a process used by a small minority of neurons in the brain that communicate directly without sending chemical messengers. Their operation has not been fully understood by researchers. Plasticity The brain can adapt or modify itself, a process known as p ...
Weak orientation and direction selectivity in lateral geniculate
... is, neurons exhibit a preferential response to stimuli (such as a bar of light) oriented at a particular angle (Hubel and Wiesel 1959, 1968; Girman et al. 1999; Ibbotson and Mark 2003; Van Hooser et al. 2005). Neurons in primary visual cortex of some mammals exhibit selectivity for stimulus directio ...
... is, neurons exhibit a preferential response to stimuli (such as a bar of light) oriented at a particular angle (Hubel and Wiesel 1959, 1968; Girman et al. 1999; Ibbotson and Mark 2003; Van Hooser et al. 2005). Neurons in primary visual cortex of some mammals exhibit selectivity for stimulus directio ...
Dentate granule cell migration - Development
... to exploit features of this system to label cells in the migratory stream to the dentate gyrus (Fig. 1A). After injection of retrovirus encoding a nuclear-localization signal containing lacZ (nlslacZ) into rat embryos at various times (the rats were then allowed to survive to P15), we found extensiv ...
... to exploit features of this system to label cells in the migratory stream to the dentate gyrus (Fig. 1A). After injection of retrovirus encoding a nuclear-localization signal containing lacZ (nlslacZ) into rat embryos at various times (the rats were then allowed to survive to P15), we found extensiv ...
Glutamate Receptors
... loops (see arrow 3 in Figure 9-41C). A properly functioning thalamic filter prevents too much sensory input from penetrating the thalamus into the cortex, so that information processing can occur in an orderly manner (Figure 9-41C). How does NMDA receptor hypofunction affect information processing i ...
... loops (see arrow 3 in Figure 9-41C). A properly functioning thalamic filter prevents too much sensory input from penetrating the thalamus into the cortex, so that information processing can occur in an orderly manner (Figure 9-41C). How does NMDA receptor hypofunction affect information processing i ...
Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum
... findings are formalized in the associative learning hypothesis (Hollerman and Schultz 1998; Ljungberg et al. 1992; Schultz 1998, 2002). Specifically, Schultz and colleagues showed that, in untrained monkeys, random and unexpected presentations of juice rewards (unconditioned stimuli) on the tongue c ...
... findings are formalized in the associative learning hypothesis (Hollerman and Schultz 1998; Ljungberg et al. 1992; Schultz 1998, 2002). Specifically, Schultz and colleagues showed that, in untrained monkeys, random and unexpected presentations of juice rewards (unconditioned stimuli) on the tongue c ...
Distribution of Agrin mRNAs in the Chick Embryo Nervous System
... of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 870 1 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226. Copyright 0 1994 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/94/142943-10$05.00/O ...
... of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 870 1 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226. Copyright 0 1994 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/94/142943-10$05.00/O ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... 2001), which are the hypothesized perceptual analogs of crossorientation suppression and surround suppression. The model has since been shown to explain stimulus-evoked responses in visual cortical area MT (Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), inferotemporal cortex (Zoccolan et al. 2005), and primary audito ...
... 2001), which are the hypothesized perceptual analogs of crossorientation suppression and surround suppression. The model has since been shown to explain stimulus-evoked responses in visual cortical area MT (Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), inferotemporal cortex (Zoccolan et al. 2005), and primary audito ...
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
... simulations of spiking patterns in L2/3 interneurons suggested that the number of primary dendrites could account for up to 50% of this correlation. Fourthly, dendritic arborization was not correlated with axonal projection, and axonal projection types could not be predicted by electrical excitabili ...
... simulations of spiking patterns in L2/3 interneurons suggested that the number of primary dendrites could account for up to 50% of this correlation. Fourthly, dendritic arborization was not correlated with axonal projection, and axonal projection types could not be predicted by electrical excitabili ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... to block an impending object. How are these behavioral needs reflected in the motor circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components ...
... to block an impending object. How are these behavioral needs reflected in the motor circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
... FIG. 1. Effects of TTX on sodium currents and single action potentials of acutely isolated CA1 neurons from the guinea-pig hippocampus. (A) Original recordings of sodium currents (I, upper traces) and action potentials (MP, lower traces) under control conditions and at TTX concentrations from 0.1 up ...
... FIG. 1. Effects of TTX on sodium currents and single action potentials of acutely isolated CA1 neurons from the guinea-pig hippocampus. (A) Original recordings of sodium currents (I, upper traces) and action potentials (MP, lower traces) under control conditions and at TTX concentrations from 0.1 up ...
A compensatory subpopulation of motor neurons in a mouse model
... loss and growth occur at individual neuromuscular junctions and whether such opposing events can occur in different branches of the same neuron or, alternatively, whether whole motor units are either compensating or degenerative. Evidence from developmental axon branch removal shows that individual ...
... loss and growth occur at individual neuromuscular junctions and whether such opposing events can occur in different branches of the same neuron or, alternatively, whether whole motor units are either compensating or degenerative. Evidence from developmental axon branch removal shows that individual ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... In rats, the central regulation of the reproductive axis is carried out by about 10001600 GnRH neurons (7, 8). These neurons ontogenetically originate outside the brain in the olfactory placodes (9) and migrate to their final location during the embryonic life. In addition to these data from mice, r ...
... In rats, the central regulation of the reproductive axis is carried out by about 10001600 GnRH neurons (7, 8). These neurons ontogenetically originate outside the brain in the olfactory placodes (9) and migrate to their final location during the embryonic life. In addition to these data from mice, r ...
Morphological Analysis of Dendritic Spine Development in Primary
... a relatively small samplefrom which to generalizethe results (Harris et al., 1989, 1992). The dimension of the spine, being at the limit of optical resolution, has greatly limited the study of spinemorphology and function at the light microscopelevel. However, the recent advent of confocal microscop ...
... a relatively small samplefrom which to generalizethe results (Harris et al., 1989, 1992). The dimension of the spine, being at the limit of optical resolution, has greatly limited the study of spinemorphology and function at the light microscopelevel. However, the recent advent of confocal microscop ...
LYRICA (pregabalin) eLearning System
... before you can understand how neuropathic pain occurs, you first need to understand the normal actions of the nervous system. Another one of these disorders is fibromyalgia, a common condition that is characterized by the hallmark symptom of chronic, widespread pain. Today, much evidence suggests th ...
... before you can understand how neuropathic pain occurs, you first need to understand the normal actions of the nervous system. Another one of these disorders is fibromyalgia, a common condition that is characterized by the hallmark symptom of chronic, widespread pain. Today, much evidence suggests th ...
Neuron
... in the PPC. We used analogs of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Nakahara et al., 2002), which was originally devised for humans (Anderson et al., 1991; Milner, 1963), and then modified it for monkey lesion studies (Dias et al., 1996, 1997; Passingham, 1972) to test cognitive flexibility; the ...
... in the PPC. We used analogs of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Nakahara et al., 2002), which was originally devised for humans (Anderson et al., 1991; Milner, 1963), and then modified it for monkey lesion studies (Dias et al., 1996, 1997; Passingham, 1972) to test cognitive flexibility; the ...
Molecular Pathways of Endoplasmic Reticulum
... neuronal cell injury might be related to both increase and decrease of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration (Sattler and Timianski 2000). A possible interpretation is that ER calcium store depletion per se rather than actual levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ activity underlies the pathological process. ER calciu ...
... neuronal cell injury might be related to both increase and decrease of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration (Sattler and Timianski 2000). A possible interpretation is that ER calcium store depletion per se rather than actual levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ activity underlies the pathological process. ER calciu ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘small cluster’. We saw no evidence for differences in the response properties or the cortical distribution of data from such clusters compared wi ...
... classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘small cluster’. We saw no evidence for differences in the response properties or the cortical distribution of data from such clusters compared wi ...
Analysis and Classification of EEG signals using Mixture of
... Electroencephalography (EEG) signal is the recording of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain over a small period of time [1]. The term EEG refers that the brain activity emits the signal from head and being drawn. It is produced by bombardment of neurons within the brain. It is measured for ...
... Electroencephalography (EEG) signal is the recording of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain over a small period of time [1]. The term EEG refers that the brain activity emits the signal from head and being drawn. It is produced by bombardment of neurons within the brain. It is measured for ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... of class I dendritic arborization neurons33. One of these transcription factors, the BTB–zinc finger protein Abrupt, is expressed only in Class I dendritic arborization neurons. When Abrupt is ectopically expressed in class II, III or IV dendritic arborization neurons, it reduces their dendrite size ...
... of class I dendritic arborization neurons33. One of these transcription factors, the BTB–zinc finger protein Abrupt, is expressed only in Class I dendritic arborization neurons. When Abrupt is ectopically expressed in class II, III or IV dendritic arborization neurons, it reduces their dendrite size ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... variance of the conductance, and (t) is a Gaussian random variable with 0 mean and a SD of 1. Parameters were chosen by beginning with the parameters used by Palmer and Miller (2002) and adjusting these to produce membrane potential fluctuations of ⬃5 mV at rest and a rest potential of approximate ...
... variance of the conductance, and (t) is a Gaussian random variable with 0 mean and a SD of 1. Parameters were chosen by beginning with the parameters used by Palmer and Miller (2002) and adjusting these to produce membrane potential fluctuations of ⬃5 mV at rest and a rest potential of approximate ...
Insect Bio-inspired Neural Network Provides New Evidence on How
... a complex neuronal architecture. Using the published intracellular recordings of large-field optic ganglia neurons to achromatic stimuli [13, 14] and the known anatomical morphologies of mushroom body (learning centres) class II ‘clawed’ Kenyon cells [15] we designed two simple, but biologically ins ...
... a complex neuronal architecture. Using the published intracellular recordings of large-field optic ganglia neurons to achromatic stimuli [13, 14] and the known anatomical morphologies of mushroom body (learning centres) class II ‘clawed’ Kenyon cells [15] we designed two simple, but biologically ins ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.