The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System
... is true that some of the effects of autonomic nerve activity can be mimicked by the application of neurotransmitter substances locally or systemically. However, the mechanisms by which the same substances released from nerve terminals produce responses in the target tissue have proved to be quite di ...
... is true that some of the effects of autonomic nerve activity can be mimicked by the application of neurotransmitter substances locally or systemically. However, the mechanisms by which the same substances released from nerve terminals produce responses in the target tissue have proved to be quite di ...
GnRH Protein Levels in Atrazine-Treated Axolotls
... It is important to understand the mechanisms by which chemicals such as atrazine act as endocrine disruptors, so that newly developed chemicals may be designed to minimize endocrine disruption. GnRH is an important target to examine as a possible site of endocrine disruption, since endocrine disrupt ...
... It is important to understand the mechanisms by which chemicals such as atrazine act as endocrine disruptors, so that newly developed chemicals may be designed to minimize endocrine disruption. GnRH is an important target to examine as a possible site of endocrine disruption, since endocrine disrupt ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... The basal ganglia and frontal cortex operate together to execute goal directed behaviors. This requires not only the execution of motor plans, but also the behaviors that lead to this execution, including emotions and motivation that drive behaviors, cognition that organizes and plans the general st ...
... The basal ganglia and frontal cortex operate together to execute goal directed behaviors. This requires not only the execution of motor plans, but also the behaviors that lead to this execution, including emotions and motivation that drive behaviors, cognition that organizes and plans the general st ...
Hypothalamic Circadian Organization in Birds. I. Anatomy
... sufficient to identify the site of circadian oscillations but to characterize a defined cell group showing anatomical and=or morphological features justifying the term ‘suprachiasmatic nucleus’. On the other hand, identifying the site of a hypothalamic oscillator that may act as a pacemaker requires ...
... sufficient to identify the site of circadian oscillations but to characterize a defined cell group showing anatomical and=or morphological features justifying the term ‘suprachiasmatic nucleus’. On the other hand, identifying the site of a hypothalamic oscillator that may act as a pacemaker requires ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... was subthreshold. The direct distance between the SR electrode and the CA3 recording electrode was 1600 pm, and the latency from stimulus to onset of the antidromic action potential was 1.25 msec. This implied a minimum conduction velocity of 1.3 m/set for the axon collateral, and a greater conducti ...
... was subthreshold. The direct distance between the SR electrode and the CA3 recording electrode was 1600 pm, and the latency from stimulus to onset of the antidromic action potential was 1.25 msec. This implied a minimum conduction velocity of 1.3 m/set for the axon collateral, and a greater conducti ...
Immunohistochemical Study of Spinal Motor Neurons Following
... electromagnetic fields can influence neurite extension and regeneration of transected nerve ends in vivo (13, 14). We used charged PVDF tube filled with collagen gel as a matrix inside it. Although the application of exogenous electromagnetic fields allows the control of stimulus administered, it is ...
... electromagnetic fields can influence neurite extension and regeneration of transected nerve ends in vivo (13, 14). We used charged PVDF tube filled with collagen gel as a matrix inside it. Although the application of exogenous electromagnetic fields allows the control of stimulus administered, it is ...
to the Proceedings
... representation and navigation has been achieved only in recent years. Many insects use a specialized polarization-sensitive dorsal rim area in their compound eyes to exploit the polarization pattern of the blue sky for sun compass orientation. We have taken advantage of this capability to identify a ...
... representation and navigation has been achieved only in recent years. Many insects use a specialized polarization-sensitive dorsal rim area in their compound eyes to exploit the polarization pattern of the blue sky for sun compass orientation. We have taken advantage of this capability to identify a ...
pdf
... 䡲 OBJECTIVE: Tinnitus is a distressing symptom that affects up to 15% of the population; no satisfactory treatment exists. We present a novel surgical approach for the treatment of intractable tinnitus based on electrical extradural stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex via an electrode ...
... 䡲 OBJECTIVE: Tinnitus is a distressing symptom that affects up to 15% of the population; no satisfactory treatment exists. We present a novel surgical approach for the treatment of intractable tinnitus based on electrical extradural stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex via an electrode ...
Lecture Guide - TestbankCart.com
... 1. A neuron contains charged particles called ions. When at rest, the neuron is negatively charged on the inside and positively charged on the outside. When stimulated, this reverses the charge by allowing positive sodium ions to enter the cell. This is the action potential. 2. Neurons fire in an al ...
... 1. A neuron contains charged particles called ions. When at rest, the neuron is negatively charged on the inside and positively charged on the outside. When stimulated, this reverses the charge by allowing positive sodium ions to enter the cell. This is the action potential. 2. Neurons fire in an al ...
NIH Public Access
... Serotonergic neurons within the raphe, especially the dorsal raphe, project to diverse forebrain regions, including the key corticolimbic structures involved in the regulation of stress, such as the mPFC, septum, extended amygdala, and hippocampus. Within the DRN, further topological organization su ...
... Serotonergic neurons within the raphe, especially the dorsal raphe, project to diverse forebrain regions, including the key corticolimbic structures involved in the regulation of stress, such as the mPFC, septum, extended amygdala, and hippocampus. Within the DRN, further topological organization su ...
Functional Independence of Layer IV Barrels in
... of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
... of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
Ionic Mechanisms in the Generation of Subthreshold Oscillations and
... 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of the membrane potential during the later stages of a hyperpolari ...
... 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of the membrane potential during the later stages of a hyperpolari ...
Clinical Investigative Study Detectability of Neural Tracts and Nuclei
... layer and the deep layer of the transverse pontine fibers in the middle of the ventral part of the pons). The medial lemniscus (2) is observed as a blue transverse structure behind the deep layer of the transverse pontine fibers. The medial longitudinal fasciculi (3) are depicted in the form of invert ...
... layer and the deep layer of the transverse pontine fibers in the middle of the ventral part of the pons). The medial lemniscus (2) is observed as a blue transverse structure behind the deep layer of the transverse pontine fibers. The medial longitudinal fasciculi (3) are depicted in the form of invert ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... reflex pathways for any task is referred to as the functional set. Exactly how a functional set is established for most motor tasks is largely unknown, and unraveling the underlying mechanisms is one of the challenging areas of contemporary research on motor systems. Second, sensory input from a loc ...
... reflex pathways for any task is referred to as the functional set. Exactly how a functional set is established for most motor tasks is largely unknown, and unraveling the underlying mechanisms is one of the challenging areas of contemporary research on motor systems. Second, sensory input from a loc ...
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic
... Figure 2. Synaptic potentiation as a cellular model for behavioural hyperalgesia and allodynia in chronic pain. (a) A model plot explains the hyperalgesia and allodynia in chronic pain conditions. Central plasticity causes the leftward shift of the input – pain response curve. The reduction of pain ...
... Figure 2. Synaptic potentiation as a cellular model for behavioural hyperalgesia and allodynia in chronic pain. (a) A model plot explains the hyperalgesia and allodynia in chronic pain conditions. Central plasticity causes the leftward shift of the input – pain response curve. The reduction of pain ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... complex. This means that (parts of) the cerebral cortex, as well as the caudal intra|aminar thalamus play a role in a stronger inhibition of the basal ganglia target areas and, thereby, the suppression of motor and/or cognitive outputs. Via different types of dopamine receptors in the two population ...
... complex. This means that (parts of) the cerebral cortex, as well as the caudal intra|aminar thalamus play a role in a stronger inhibition of the basal ganglia target areas and, thereby, the suppression of motor and/or cognitive outputs. Via different types of dopamine receptors in the two population ...
Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary
... The responsiveness of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is substantially reduced after a few seconds of visual stimulation with an effective pattern. This phenomenon, called pattern adaptation, is uniquely cortical and is the likely substrate of a variety of perceptual after-effects. While a ...
... The responsiveness of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is substantially reduced after a few seconds of visual stimulation with an effective pattern. This phenomenon, called pattern adaptation, is uniquely cortical and is the likely substrate of a variety of perceptual after-effects. While a ...
neural_networks
... Neurons function in discrete time intervals and have no memory of their past excitation. i.e. assume that successive input sets, and the postsynaptic decisions they drive, occur in discrete, sequential time intervals (an input set contains one or more input patterns). Postsynaptic neuron makes a dec ...
... Neurons function in discrete time intervals and have no memory of their past excitation. i.e. assume that successive input sets, and the postsynaptic decisions they drive, occur in discrete, sequential time intervals (an input set contains one or more input patterns). Postsynaptic neuron makes a dec ...
Gymnotiform JAR and communication
... towards the ‘distributed hierarchical’ organization first, how several segregated premotor pathways commonly realized in sensory systems of higher controlling a single central pattern generator, the vertebrates. medullary pacemaker nucleus, can provide a large repertoire of behaviorally relevant mot ...
... towards the ‘distributed hierarchical’ organization first, how several segregated premotor pathways commonly realized in sensory systems of higher controlling a single central pattern generator, the vertebrates. medullary pacemaker nucleus, can provide a large repertoire of behaviorally relevant mot ...
The architectural balance of the Ventral Nerve Cord depends
... various functionally equivalent arrangements, the one having the closest-connected neurons is assumed to be the most strongly selected (Chklovskii & Koulakov, 2004). Despite more than 100 years of intensive study, the mechanisms that guide the neural organization into modules and implement wiring op ...
... various functionally equivalent arrangements, the one having the closest-connected neurons is assumed to be the most strongly selected (Chklovskii & Koulakov, 2004). Despite more than 100 years of intensive study, the mechanisms that guide the neural organization into modules and implement wiring op ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... signals7,8, generated by these brain-controlled actuators, to be delivered back to the subject’s brain simultaneously with the extraction of cortical motor commands9,10. In the present study, we took the BMI approach to a new direction altogether and tested whether it could be employed to establish ...
... signals7,8, generated by these brain-controlled actuators, to be delivered back to the subject’s brain simultaneously with the extraction of cortical motor commands9,10. In the present study, we took the BMI approach to a new direction altogether and tested whether it could be employed to establish ...
Hilar mossy cells of the dentate gyrus: a historical
... Might other neurons besides mossy cells contribute to the C/A pathway? Did some mossy cells in fact have small cell bodies? Additional studies supported both ideas. Regarding the heterogeneity of neurons contributing to the C/A pathway, it became clear that other hilar neurons than mossy cells have ...
... Might other neurons besides mossy cells contribute to the C/A pathway? Did some mossy cells in fact have small cell bodies? Additional studies supported both ideas. Regarding the heterogeneity of neurons contributing to the C/A pathway, it became clear that other hilar neurons than mossy cells have ...
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... transmission was primarily chemical or electric. By the 1950s, it was apparent that the communication between the neurons was chemical. During this period, some synapses showed what was termed gap junction or electrical transmission between neurons at the synapse. Recent research has shown that elec ...
... transmission was primarily chemical or electric. By the 1950s, it was apparent that the communication between the neurons was chemical. During this period, some synapses showed what was termed gap junction or electrical transmission between neurons at the synapse. Recent research has shown that elec ...
Signals from the notochord and floor plate regulate
... transcripts are absent from floor plate cells and the adjacent ventrally located neuroepithelial cells. The zebrafish homologue of Pax-6, pax[zf-a], exhibits a similar pattern of expression in the mid-lateral spinal cord of the early embryo (Krauss et al., 1991a; Pueschel et al., 1992). The spinal c ...
... transcripts are absent from floor plate cells and the adjacent ventrally located neuroepithelial cells. The zebrafish homologue of Pax-6, pax[zf-a], exhibits a similar pattern of expression in the mid-lateral spinal cord of the early embryo (Krauss et al., 1991a; Pueschel et al., 1992). The spinal c ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... Fig. 4B and ;C2-4). Thus, they occupied the upper parts of the cytoarchitectonic fields 5 and 7 of the parietal cortex (19, 24). On the lateral surface of the hemisphere, labeled cells were mainly aggregated in the anterior and medial parts of the ectosylvian sulcus, predominantly in its depth, but ...
... Fig. 4B and ;C2-4). Thus, they occupied the upper parts of the cytoarchitectonic fields 5 and 7 of the parietal cortex (19, 24). On the lateral surface of the hemisphere, labeled cells were mainly aggregated in the anterior and medial parts of the ectosylvian sulcus, predominantly in its depth, but ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.