the spinal cord and spinal nerves
... Even in this age of technology and computers, no computer built today can rival the complexity of the human nervous system. The nervous system is a network of billions of interconnected nerve cells (neurons) that receive stimuli, coordinate this sensory information and cause the body to respond appr ...
... Even in this age of technology and computers, no computer built today can rival the complexity of the human nervous system. The nervous system is a network of billions of interconnected nerve cells (neurons) that receive stimuli, coordinate this sensory information and cause the body to respond appr ...
Control and Coordination
... The Cerebrum The part of the brain that controls memory, language, and thought is the cerebrum (suh REE brum). The cerebrum also processes touch and visual information. It is the largest and most complex part of the brain. As shown in Figure 3, the surface of the cerebrum has many folds. These folds ...
... The Cerebrum The part of the brain that controls memory, language, and thought is the cerebrum (suh REE brum). The cerebrum also processes touch and visual information. It is the largest and most complex part of the brain. As shown in Figure 3, the surface of the cerebrum has many folds. These folds ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department of Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ...
... Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department of Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... the macaque monkey have been published over the past century (Brodmann 1909; Vogt and Vogt 1919; von Bonin and Bailey 1947; Matelli et al. 1985; Barbas and Pandya 1987; Matelli et al. 1991). Most investigators agree that the primary motor cortex is homogeneous, whereas the rostrally adjoining agranu ...
... the macaque monkey have been published over the past century (Brodmann 1909; Vogt and Vogt 1919; von Bonin and Bailey 1947; Matelli et al. 1985; Barbas and Pandya 1987; Matelli et al. 1991). Most investigators agree that the primary motor cortex is homogeneous, whereas the rostrally adjoining agranu ...
Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies
... the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System, Oxford University Press, Oxford; Gray, J.A., McNaughton, N., 2000, The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford], anxiolytic drugs of all types act on a behaviour ...
... the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System, Oxford University Press, Oxford; Gray, J.A., McNaughton, N., 2000, The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford], anxiolytic drugs of all types act on a behaviour ...
The organization of the central control of micturition in cats and
... part of the ventral horn. Interruption of the lateral corticospinal tract by a cerebral stroke in the internal capsule results in a paralysis of one or more contralateral limbs. The rubrospinal tract, originating in the nucleus ruber in the mesencephalon, also plays an important role in the lateral ...
... part of the ventral horn. Interruption of the lateral corticospinal tract by a cerebral stroke in the internal capsule results in a paralysis of one or more contralateral limbs. The rubrospinal tract, originating in the nucleus ruber in the mesencephalon, also plays an important role in the lateral ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... middle-aged, and aged rats. Loss of afferents from the NBM, produced via ibotenic acid lesion, produced profound ...
... middle-aged, and aged rats. Loss of afferents from the NBM, produced via ibotenic acid lesion, produced profound ...
Visual Object Recognition: Do We Know More Now Than We Did 20
... neuropsychological data and behavioral intuition, Marr and Nishihara’s theory was purely computational, with no attempt at empirical validation. Colleagues of Marr took a similar approach, identifying in principle problems with then state-of-the-art theories of recognition, but presenting little in ...
... neuropsychological data and behavioral intuition, Marr and Nishihara’s theory was purely computational, with no attempt at empirical validation. Colleagues of Marr took a similar approach, identifying in principle problems with then state-of-the-art theories of recognition, but presenting little in ...
Experimental spinal cord transplantation as a mechanism of
... injury (personal communication, B Bregman). Fetal grafts have wound healing properties in the injured spinal cord and have been shown to prevent glial scar formation as well as to decrease existing glial scarring.17 This phenomenon should aid in the regrowth of axons from the host into the graft and ...
... injury (personal communication, B Bregman). Fetal grafts have wound healing properties in the injured spinal cord and have been shown to prevent glial scar formation as well as to decrease existing glial scarring.17 This phenomenon should aid in the regrowth of axons from the host into the graft and ...
Human Brain Networks: Spiking Neuron Models
... involving feedforward and feedback (or recurrent) networks, with the brain serving as the central element of this network system. The brain is interconnected to receptors that transmit sensory information to the brain, and in turn the brain delivers action commands to effectors. The neural network o ...
... involving feedforward and feedback (or recurrent) networks, with the brain serving as the central element of this network system. The brain is interconnected to receptors that transmit sensory information to the brain, and in turn the brain delivers action commands to effectors. The neural network o ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... Other evidence indicates that gradients of gene expression in the neuroepithelium of different cortical areas might regulate the initial arealization of the neocortex. For example, Pax6 is usually expressed in a lowcaudomedial–high-rostrolateral gradient28,29. In Pax6 homozygous mutants, caudolatera ...
... Other evidence indicates that gradients of gene expression in the neuroepithelium of different cortical areas might regulate the initial arealization of the neocortex. For example, Pax6 is usually expressed in a lowcaudomedial–high-rostrolateral gradient28,29. In Pax6 homozygous mutants, caudolatera ...
Stop-Signal Task - Gemstone Honors Program
... frequency of diagnosis, and its method of treatment. Currently there is no well-established and experimentally verified neurological basis for ADHD, thus the disorder has been diagnosed based on subjective, behavioral observations rather than reliable objective identifiers of the disorder. This inef ...
... frequency of diagnosis, and its method of treatment. Currently there is no well-established and experimentally verified neurological basis for ADHD, thus the disorder has been diagnosed based on subjective, behavioral observations rather than reliable objective identifiers of the disorder. This inef ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... Other evidence indicates that gradients of gene expression in the neuroepithelium of different cortical areas might regulate the initial arealization of the neocortex. For example, Pax6 is usually expressed in a lowcaudomedial–high-rostrolateral gradient28,29. In Pax6 homozygous mutants, caudolatera ...
... Other evidence indicates that gradients of gene expression in the neuroepithelium of different cortical areas might regulate the initial arealization of the neocortex. For example, Pax6 is usually expressed in a lowcaudomedial–high-rostrolateral gradient28,29. In Pax6 homozygous mutants, caudolatera ...
Encoding of target direction and speed during visual instruction and
... consecutive bins (200 ms) with an R2 > 0.2 (P < 0.05) for each bin was required to accept a relationship between the ®ring and a parameter as signi®cant. This strict criterion was used to avoid spurious, shortduration correlations and to take into account the fact that the binwise regression is base ...
... consecutive bins (200 ms) with an R2 > 0.2 (P < 0.05) for each bin was required to accept a relationship between the ®ring and a parameter as signi®cant. This strict criterion was used to avoid spurious, shortduration correlations and to take into account the fact that the binwise regression is base ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... statistical analyses. The charting and initial evaluation of the density of labeled neurons and terminals established which areas were consistently interconnected. Data from each architectonic area where the number of labeled neurons in each animal exceeded 100 labeled neurons after a single injecti ...
... statistical analyses. The charting and initial evaluation of the density of labeled neurons and terminals established which areas were consistently interconnected. Data from each architectonic area where the number of labeled neurons in each animal exceeded 100 labeled neurons after a single injecti ...
Decreased cohesin in the brain leads to defective synapse
... the disruption of chromosomal architecture by malfunctioning cohesin; however, evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. We postulated that epigenetic control of gene expression by cohesin is required for normal brain development and higher brain function. Here, we show that abnormally low cohesin ex ...
... the disruption of chromosomal architecture by malfunctioning cohesin; however, evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. We postulated that epigenetic control of gene expression by cohesin is required for normal brain development and higher brain function. Here, we show that abnormally low cohesin ex ...
Development of replication-defective herpes simplex viral vectors for
... vectors for gene silencing in peripheral neurons and the potential application of this technology to the study of nociceptive processes and in pain gene target validation studies. Moreover, a disabled HSV-1 vector targeting p75, Lingo1 and NgR2, which are involved in myelin inhibition of axonal rege ...
... vectors for gene silencing in peripheral neurons and the potential application of this technology to the study of nociceptive processes and in pain gene target validation studies. Moreover, a disabled HSV-1 vector targeting p75, Lingo1 and NgR2, which are involved in myelin inhibition of axonal rege ...
propofol alters vesicular transport in rat cortical neuronal cultures
... contrast image, with the cell body to the left and a branched neurite stretching out to the right. Cortical cell cultures in CCM were observed for 5 min, then exposed to 2 µM propofol 10 seconds before time 0 and further observed for 10 min. Part of the neurite (within the inset box) is shown as tim ...
... contrast image, with the cell body to the left and a branched neurite stretching out to the right. Cortical cell cultures in CCM were observed for 5 min, then exposed to 2 µM propofol 10 seconds before time 0 and further observed for 10 min. Part of the neurite (within the inset box) is shown as tim ...
Ch. 14 CNS textbook
... ecall from Chapter 12 that the nervous system is said to be composed of two major divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The reason for designating two distinct divisions is to make the study of the nervous system easier. In this chapter, we discuss the ...
... ecall from Chapter 12 that the nervous system is said to be composed of two major divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The reason for designating two distinct divisions is to make the study of the nervous system easier. In this chapter, we discuss the ...
Winstanley et al. - Rudolf Cardinal
... Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom ...
... Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom ...
The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention
... the assessment of sustained attention (or vigilance) performance typically has utilized situations in which an observer is required to keep watch for inconspicuous signals over prolonged periods of time. The state of readiness to respond to rarely and unpredictably occurring signals is characterized ...
... the assessment of sustained attention (or vigilance) performance typically has utilized situations in which an observer is required to keep watch for inconspicuous signals over prolonged periods of time. The state of readiness to respond to rarely and unpredictably occurring signals is characterized ...
Principles of Neural Science
... physical properties of stimuli because the nervous system extracts only certain pieces of information from each stimulus, while ignoring others, and then interprets this information in the context of the brain's intrinsic structure and previous experience. Thus we receive electromagnetic waves of di ...
... physical properties of stimuli because the nervous system extracts only certain pieces of information from each stimulus, while ignoring others, and then interprets this information in the context of the brain's intrinsic structure and previous experience. Thus we receive electromagnetic waves of di ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
... right auditory cortex were incised. A piece of metal was attached to the skull with dental resin, and the head was fixed by screwing the metal piece onto a manipulator. The skull over the auditory cortex was removed in mice used for some experiments (see Figs. 2B, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 13) to compare ...
... right auditory cortex were incised. A piece of metal was attached to the skull with dental resin, and the head was fixed by screwing the metal piece onto a manipulator. The skull over the auditory cortex was removed in mice used for some experiments (see Figs. 2B, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 13) to compare ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.