Preserving information in neural transmission - CNL
... used to find relevant stimulus features to quantify the information carried by different retinal spike sequences. In this case, retinal spike trains were treated as stimuli binned every 4 ms, where a value of 1 was given at each occurrence of an EPSP, and was 0 otherwise. Such stimuli are binary by ...
... used to find relevant stimulus features to quantify the information carried by different retinal spike sequences. In this case, retinal spike trains were treated as stimuli binned every 4 ms, where a value of 1 was given at each occurrence of an EPSP, and was 0 otherwise. Such stimuli are binary by ...
Mouse BB, Vol 3, Chap 13, Sect IV
... True or False. Toe clipping (without anesthesia) must be done between 10-15 days of age and be scientifically justified to the IACUC. True or False. The objective of restraining a mouse is to keep it in a enclosed environment for a bette deservation during behavioral experimental studies. Guidelines ...
... True or False. Toe clipping (without anesthesia) must be done between 10-15 days of age and be scientifically justified to the IACUC. True or False. The objective of restraining a mouse is to keep it in a enclosed environment for a bette deservation during behavioral experimental studies. Guidelines ...
Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels in the CNS
... along the proximo-distal axis of AIS. This precise arrangement is likely to contribute to the diversity of firing properties observed among central neurons20. Using an antigen retrieval method, Anti-Nav1.6 was used to monitor the distribution of Nav1.6 which was found to be expressed in AISs of diff ...
... along the proximo-distal axis of AIS. This precise arrangement is likely to contribute to the diversity of firing properties observed among central neurons20. Using an antigen retrieval method, Anti-Nav1.6 was used to monitor the distribution of Nav1.6 which was found to be expressed in AISs of diff ...
Neural representation of object orientation: A dissociation between
... each condition the same number of times (each time in a different orientation). To maintain participants' attention, three additional (non-analyzed) trials with images of toy vehicles were included in each run, and participants pressed a button when they detected a vehicle. Localizers and regions of ...
... each condition the same number of times (each time in a different orientation). To maintain participants' attention, three additional (non-analyzed) trials with images of toy vehicles were included in each run, and participants pressed a button when they detected a vehicle. Localizers and regions of ...
Molecular and functional anatomy of the mouse olfactory epithelium
... important to most animals in order to survive, find food, avoid predators and to find a mating partner. I have in this thesis studied different aspects of the functional anatomy of the olfactory epithelium, focusing on one model organism, the mouse. ...
... important to most animals in order to survive, find food, avoid predators and to find a mating partner. I have in this thesis studied different aspects of the functional anatomy of the olfactory epithelium, focusing on one model organism, the mouse. ...
The Effect of Movement Rate and Complexity on
... In contrast to M1, S1, and Cb, the effect of upper extremity movement rate is less robust in the premotor and supplemental motor areas (PMA and SMA). Instead, these structures may be sensitive to changes in task complexity. At least two studies have shown no change in activity in the PMA and SMA wit ...
... In contrast to M1, S1, and Cb, the effect of upper extremity movement rate is less robust in the premotor and supplemental motor areas (PMA and SMA). Instead, these structures may be sensitive to changes in task complexity. At least two studies have shown no change in activity in the PMA and SMA wit ...
Responses of Primate Caudal Parabrachial Nucleus and Ko¨lliker
... aspect of the superior vestibular nucleus, the caudoventral aspect (pars ␣) of the lateral vestibular nucleus, and the caudal half of the medial vestibular nucleus and the inferior vestibular nucleus (Balaban 1996; Balaban and Beryozkin 1994; Porter and Balaban 1997; Ruggiero et al. 1996; Yates et a ...
... aspect of the superior vestibular nucleus, the caudoventral aspect (pars ␣) of the lateral vestibular nucleus, and the caudal half of the medial vestibular nucleus and the inferior vestibular nucleus (Balaban 1996; Balaban and Beryozkin 1994; Porter and Balaban 1997; Ruggiero et al. 1996; Yates et a ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
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... and research and opening me so many opportunities. ... my brother and sister-in-law, for keeping the surfin’ dreams alive. ... my great culé friends Anna-Felipe and Aisha-José. ... all my Costa family, friends and in-laws in Belo Horizonte. ... all my family in Rio de Janeiro. In special to my dear ...
... and research and opening me so many opportunities. ... my brother and sister-in-law, for keeping the surfin’ dreams alive. ... my great culé friends Anna-Felipe and Aisha-José. ... all my Costa family, friends and in-laws in Belo Horizonte. ... all my family in Rio de Janeiro. In special to my dear ...
INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS AND CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA OF
... The differences in the pattern of connections between dorsal and ventral subregions in the monkey and cat are to some extent confirmed by results of the cytoarchitectonic observations of the prefrontal and premotor cortices. It was shown that in the two species the areas situated dorsally or ventra ...
... The differences in the pattern of connections between dorsal and ventral subregions in the monkey and cat are to some extent confirmed by results of the cytoarchitectonic observations of the prefrontal and premotor cortices. It was shown that in the two species the areas situated dorsally or ventra ...
OSBP coupled with ER-resident protein FAN is essential
... of Kes1p/Osh4p, a yeast ORP, suppresses the growth defect of a partial loss-of-function mutant of Drs2p. On the other hand, Drs2p also antagonizes the activity of Kes1p in intracellular cholesterol trafficking (MUTHUSAMY et al. 2009). The exact mechanism behind this mutual antagonistic activity betw ...
... of Kes1p/Osh4p, a yeast ORP, suppresses the growth defect of a partial loss-of-function mutant of Drs2p. On the other hand, Drs2p also antagonizes the activity of Kes1p in intracellular cholesterol trafficking (MUTHUSAMY et al. 2009). The exact mechanism behind this mutual antagonistic activity betw ...
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... creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. Copyright © 2014 Society for Neuroscience ...
... creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. Copyright © 2014 Society for Neuroscience ...
A Cortical Substrate for Memory
... Figure 1. Memory-Guided Frequency Discrimination Task and Behavioral Performance (A) Task schematic, showing a cartoon of a rat in the behavior box and the timing of the events in the task. Onset of the Center LED indicated to the rat it should put its nose in the center port, and remain there until ...
... Figure 1. Memory-Guided Frequency Discrimination Task and Behavioral Performance (A) Task schematic, showing a cartoon of a rat in the behavior box and the timing of the events in the task. Onset of the Center LED indicated to the rat it should put its nose in the center port, and remain there until ...
Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... Neurons in the hippocampus and the adjacent regions exhibit a broad variety of spatial activation patterns that are tuned to position, head direction or both. Common observations in these spatial dimensions are localized, bell shaped tuning curves [1, 2], periodically repeating activity [3, 4] and i ...
... Neurons in the hippocampus and the adjacent regions exhibit a broad variety of spatial activation patterns that are tuned to position, head direction or both. Common observations in these spatial dimensions are localized, bell shaped tuning curves [1, 2], periodically repeating activity [3, 4] and i ...
The Nervous System
... subdivisions of autonomic neurons: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Autonomic motor neurons, together with their central control centers, constitute the autonomic nervous system, the focus of chapter 9. The structural classification of neurons is based on the number of processes that extend from the ...
... subdivisions of autonomic neurons: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Autonomic motor neurons, together with their central control centers, constitute the autonomic nervous system, the focus of chapter 9. The structural classification of neurons is based on the number of processes that extend from the ...
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... a. it is not being stimulated. b. the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed. c. there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it. d. it has a slightly positive charge. e. it lacks potential energy. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Neu ...
... a. it is not being stimulated. b. the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed. c. there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it. d. it has a slightly positive charge. e. it lacks potential energy. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Neu ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... schematic of the supporting circuitry. The LGN has only two cell types: projection neurons driven by the retina and inhibitory interneurons, which also receive retinal input. The interneurons are supplemented by another class of nearby (extrinsic) inhibitory neurons in the thalamic 1 Functional grou ...
... schematic of the supporting circuitry. The LGN has only two cell types: projection neurons driven by the retina and inhibitory interneurons, which also receive retinal input. The interneurons are supplemented by another class of nearby (extrinsic) inhibitory neurons in the thalamic 1 Functional grou ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... time-course of their vestibular compensation. The results show that the monoaminergic changes are different in the two rat strains. In the MVN of albino rats, there was a bilateral increase of MHPG and an ipsilateral increase of dopamine suggesting activation of norepinephrine synthesis and metaboli ...
... time-course of their vestibular compensation. The results show that the monoaminergic changes are different in the two rat strains. In the MVN of albino rats, there was a bilateral increase of MHPG and an ipsilateral increase of dopamine suggesting activation of norepinephrine synthesis and metaboli ...
ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL
... NMDARs are present and functional at axonal growth cones of young hippocampal neurons. Somatic whole-cell recordings of young neurons reveal NMDAR-mediated currents in response to local application of NMDA at axonal growth cones, while calcium imaging experiments show that these NMDARs elicit local ...
... NMDARs are present and functional at axonal growth cones of young hippocampal neurons. Somatic whole-cell recordings of young neurons reveal NMDAR-mediated currents in response to local application of NMDA at axonal growth cones, while calcium imaging experiments show that these NMDARs elicit local ...
Activities of the Primary and Supplementary Motor Areas Increase in
... and the other did not (i.e., isometric). All the tasks were performed with the subject’s right hand. For the sake of analysis, each trial was divided into three different phases: “premotor”, “motor”, and “postmotor” for all the tasks. In the muscle relaxation mode under movement condition (R_mv), th ...
... and the other did not (i.e., isometric). All the tasks were performed with the subject’s right hand. For the sake of analysis, each trial was divided into three different phases: “premotor”, “motor”, and “postmotor” for all the tasks. In the muscle relaxation mode under movement condition (R_mv), th ...
Synapse formation in developing neural circuits.
... During the last century however, and thanks in great part to technical advances in cell biology, the field has made great progress in its understanding of the synaptic structure as it relates to synaptic function. Most notably, electron microscopy allowed the visualization of synapses for the first ...
... During the last century however, and thanks in great part to technical advances in cell biology, the field has made great progress in its understanding of the synaptic structure as it relates to synaptic function. Most notably, electron microscopy allowed the visualization of synapses for the first ...
Sensory Adaptation and Short Term Plasticity as Bayesian
... whiskers denote 1.5 times the inter-quartile range. Outliers have been removed for clarity. By cancelling out fluctuations in pre-synaptic excitability the adaptation model can substantially reduce response variability. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012436.g002 ...
... whiskers denote 1.5 times the inter-quartile range. Outliers have been removed for clarity. By cancelling out fluctuations in pre-synaptic excitability the adaptation model can substantially reduce response variability. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012436.g002 ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... 1A, R119) or in the median plane (Fig. 1B, R123) at rostral, intermediate, and caudal DR levels. The tracer was also injected into the lateral wing subdivision (Fig. 1C, R106; Fig. 1D, R127) at intermediate levels of the DR. Individual cases representing midline (Fig. 2A, R119) or lateral wing (Fig. ...
... 1A, R119) or in the median plane (Fig. 1B, R123) at rostral, intermediate, and caudal DR levels. The tracer was also injected into the lateral wing subdivision (Fig. 1C, R106; Fig. 1D, R127) at intermediate levels of the DR. Individual cases representing midline (Fig. 2A, R119) or lateral wing (Fig. ...
Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man
... intervals from each subject as they performed saccadic eye movements. Blocks of three different paradigms (Fig. 1), one central fixation (A) and two saccadic-remembered (B) and random (C)-were presented in palindromic order (ABCCBA) to negate fatigue or habituation effects. A horizontal light bar wa ...
... intervals from each subject as they performed saccadic eye movements. Blocks of three different paradigms (Fig. 1), one central fixation (A) and two saccadic-remembered (B) and random (C)-were presented in palindromic order (ABCCBA) to negate fatigue or habituation effects. A horizontal light bar wa ...
Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat
... current spread to the alveus). Orthodromic stimuli were applied at 1.0–0.016 Hz; population spike amplitudes were allowed to stabilize before applying the fields. Control responses were obtained before and after application of polarizing current. Orthodromic stimuli were applied >0.5 s after field a ...
... current spread to the alveus). Orthodromic stimuli were applied at 1.0–0.016 Hz; population spike amplitudes were allowed to stabilize before applying the fields. Control responses were obtained before and after application of polarizing current. Orthodromic stimuli were applied >0.5 s after field a ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.