View/Open - DukeSpace
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... Developmental axon pruning is widely used in constructing the nervous system. Accordingly, diverse mechanisms are likely employed for various forms of axon pruning [1–7]. In the Drosophila mushroom bodies (MB), ␥ neurons initially extend axon branches into both the dorsal and medial MB axon lobes in ...
... Developmental axon pruning is widely used in constructing the nervous system. Accordingly, diverse mechanisms are likely employed for various forms of axon pruning [1–7]. In the Drosophila mushroom bodies (MB), ␥ neurons initially extend axon branches into both the dorsal and medial MB axon lobes in ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
... right auditory cortex were incised. A piece of metal was attached to the skull with dental resin, and the head was fixed by screwing the metal piece onto a manipulator. The skull over the auditory cortex was removed in mice used for some experiments (see Figs. 2B, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 13) to compare ...
... right auditory cortex were incised. A piece of metal was attached to the skull with dental resin, and the head was fixed by screwing the metal piece onto a manipulator. The skull over the auditory cortex was removed in mice used for some experiments (see Figs. 2B, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 13) to compare ...
Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is
... Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. opiate-related pathways are functionally related to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) B. opiate-related pathways are functionally related to nucleus accumbens C. dopamine is released by the axon/terminals of VTA cells D. endo ...
... Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. opiate-related pathways are functionally related to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) B. opiate-related pathways are functionally related to nucleus accumbens C. dopamine is released by the axon/terminals of VTA cells D. endo ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... move. It is only when we observe the clumsy movements of a child, or the motor challenges faced by individuals with neurological disorders, that we become aware of the inherent difficulties of motor control. The efforts of systems neuroscientists to understand how the brain controls movement include ...
... move. It is only when we observe the clumsy movements of a child, or the motor challenges faced by individuals with neurological disorders, that we become aware of the inherent difficulties of motor control. The efforts of systems neuroscientists to understand how the brain controls movement include ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... al., 1996) into the mouse Lim1 locus by homologous recombination in ES cells. The targeting construct was designed to remove Lim1 coding sequences and thus to inactivate Lim1 function (Figure 1B). Lim1tlz/⫹ mice were viable and fertile whereas Lim1tlz/tlz mice (Figure 1C) died on or before embryonic ...
... al., 1996) into the mouse Lim1 locus by homologous recombination in ES cells. The targeting construct was designed to remove Lim1 coding sequences and thus to inactivate Lim1 function (Figure 1B). Lim1tlz/⫹ mice were viable and fertile whereas Lim1tlz/tlz mice (Figure 1C) died on or before embryonic ...
PDF
... anterior sclerotome and differentiate into metameric dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia. Meanwhile, ventral spinal motor axons also project through the somites in a segmental fashion. How peripheral nervous system segmentation is generated is unknown. We previously showed that neuropilin 2 (Nrp2)/s ...
... anterior sclerotome and differentiate into metameric dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia. Meanwhile, ventral spinal motor axons also project through the somites in a segmental fashion. How peripheral nervous system segmentation is generated is unknown. We previously showed that neuropilin 2 (Nrp2)/s ...
computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS
... 1.2 How observational learning can help towards developing social robots Our ability to adapt to our social environment is one of the primary components behind the evolution of our intelligence (Barresi and Moore, 1995). For primates, socialization is an inter‐subjective process durin ...
... 1.2 How observational learning can help towards developing social robots Our ability to adapt to our social environment is one of the primary components behind the evolution of our intelligence (Barresi and Moore, 1995). For primates, socialization is an inter‐subjective process durin ...
Expert system, fuzzy logic, and neural network applications in power
... deals with the techniques of knowledge representation by computer software. The knowledge engineer acquires the knowledge from the domain expert and translates it into expert system software. The knowledge, as shown, can be classified into two types: the expert knowledge embedded in the knowledge ba ...
... deals with the techniques of knowledge representation by computer software. The knowledge engineer acquires the knowledge from the domain expert and translates it into expert system software. The knowledge, as shown, can be classified into two types: the expert knowledge embedded in the knowledge ba ...
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... The problems associated with disorders of basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease, attest to the importance of this complex in the initiation of voluntary movements (see Chapter 17). Despite much effort, the sequence of events that leads from volitional thought to movemen ...
... The problems associated with disorders of basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease, attest to the importance of this complex in the initiation of voluntary movements (see Chapter 17). Despite much effort, the sequence of events that leads from volitional thought to movemen ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord
... The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex ...
... The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
Experimental heart failure causes depression
... Smits, 1994). Wann et al. described depression-like behavior in rats 2 weeks after ligation of the left coronary artery, including anhedonia (i.e., decreased sucrose intake) and behavioral despair (i.e., increased immobility in the forced swim test); both could be reversed by antidepressant treatmen ...
... Smits, 1994). Wann et al. described depression-like behavior in rats 2 weeks after ligation of the left coronary artery, including anhedonia (i.e., decreased sucrose intake) and behavioral despair (i.e., increased immobility in the forced swim test); both could be reversed by antidepressant treatmen ...
The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of
... that mammalian stress and coping response strategies are hierarchically ordered according to a phylogenetic stage ŽPorges, 1997, 1998.. Although research has demonstrated the relevance of neuroanatomical structures and neurophysiological processes to the expression of emotion and the regulation of s ...
... that mammalian stress and coping response strategies are hierarchically ordered according to a phylogenetic stage ŽPorges, 1997, 1998.. Although research has demonstrated the relevance of neuroanatomical structures and neurophysiological processes to the expression of emotion and the regulation of s ...
Applying Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation to the Study of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity in Neural Networks
... physiologically accurate than the similar, but more complex, Hodgkin Huxley model, the FN model’s simplicity to implement and accurate mimicking of general neural spiking behavior make it an ideal first choice for the purposes of generating a neural micro-network. The specific FN model used here was ...
... physiologically accurate than the similar, but more complex, Hodgkin Huxley model, the FN model’s simplicity to implement and accurate mimicking of general neural spiking behavior make it an ideal first choice for the purposes of generating a neural micro-network. The specific FN model used here was ...
theta oscillation in the hippocampus
... indicate that timing within the theta cycle may be an important mechanism for representing neuronal information (O’Keefe and Recce, 1993; Skaggs et al., 1996). Hippocampal pyramidal cells possess ‘‘place fields,’’ i.e., they selectively increase their firing rates when the rat is in a specific part ...
... indicate that timing within the theta cycle may be an important mechanism for representing neuronal information (O’Keefe and Recce, 1993; Skaggs et al., 1996). Hippocampal pyramidal cells possess ‘‘place fields,’’ i.e., they selectively increase their firing rates when the rat is in a specific part ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are exposed to more complex stimuli, integration of sensory ...
... stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are exposed to more complex stimuli, integration of sensory ...
Maternal Influenza Viral Infection Causes Schizophrenia
... Epidemiological studies indicate that maternal influenza viral infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the adult offspring. The serotonin and glutamate systems are suspected in the etiology of schizophrenia, as well as in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. The effects of hallu ...
... Epidemiological studies indicate that maternal influenza viral infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the adult offspring. The serotonin and glutamate systems are suspected in the etiology of schizophrenia, as well as in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. The effects of hallu ...
The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a
... to target peripheral organs, including the sinoatrial node. This inhibitory system promotes calm states consistent with the metabolic demands of growth and restoration by slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and inhibiting sympathetic activation at the level of the heart. The social engageme ...
... to target peripheral organs, including the sinoatrial node. This inhibitory system promotes calm states consistent with the metabolic demands of growth and restoration by slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and inhibiting sympathetic activation at the level of the heart. The social engageme ...
Region Specific Micromodularity in the Uppermost Layers in Primate
... 0.36–1.49 mm2, using a ×20 objective lens. The size of the area examined was constrained by the extent of flatness within the region. This was frequently too small to allow for random sampling with a grid. Therefore, rather than employ an unbiased sampling procedure, we instead measured all the avai ...
... 0.36–1.49 mm2, using a ×20 objective lens. The size of the area examined was constrained by the extent of flatness within the region. This was frequently too small to allow for random sampling with a grid. Therefore, rather than employ an unbiased sampling procedure, we instead measured all the avai ...
Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-A Function and Binding in
... sodium-dependent hypertension.1– 4 Enhanced neural function is further supported by ablation studies of central nervous system structures that interfere with the hypertensive process. Pathways from the sodium-sensitive anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) area to the paraventricular nucleus of the h ...
... sodium-dependent hypertension.1– 4 Enhanced neural function is further supported by ablation studies of central nervous system structures that interfere with the hypertensive process. Pathways from the sodium-sensitive anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) area to the paraventricular nucleus of the h ...
The peripheral nervous system-
... substantial body of evidence to show that, when provided with an appropriate environment, central axons will regenerate over significant distances and are able to form synaptic contact with target cells. However, the intrinsic regenerative capacity of central neurons does not appear to be uniform. I ...
... substantial body of evidence to show that, when provided with an appropriate environment, central axons will regenerate over significant distances and are able to form synaptic contact with target cells. However, the intrinsic regenerative capacity of central neurons does not appear to be uniform. I ...
Behavioral verification of associative learning in whisker
... above, this paradigm allows for a precise stimulation of the chosen, specific whisker. The authors examined if the fear response could be evoked by stimulation of either an adjacent or distant untrained whisker, and found no generalization to a distant whisker but did find generalization to an adjac ...
... above, this paradigm allows for a precise stimulation of the chosen, specific whisker. The authors examined if the fear response could be evoked by stimulation of either an adjacent or distant untrained whisker, and found no generalization to a distant whisker but did find generalization to an adjac ...
Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from the substantia
... dissected bilaterally by knife cuts made just caudal to the mammillary bodies, just rostral to the pons, lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and along a line extending through the medial lemniscus to the lateral edge of the brain stem ventral to the medial geniculate. Included in the sample were ...
... dissected bilaterally by knife cuts made just caudal to the mammillary bodies, just rostral to the pons, lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and along a line extending through the medial lemniscus to the lateral edge of the brain stem ventral to the medial geniculate. Included in the sample were ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.