primer on brain facts - Chicago Society of Neuroscience
... makes us human. Neuroscientists, whose specialty is the study of the brain and the nervous system, have the daunting task of deciphering the mystery of how the brain commands the body. Over the years, the field has made enormous progress. For example, neuroscientists now know that each person has as ...
... makes us human. Neuroscientists, whose specialty is the study of the brain and the nervous system, have the daunting task of deciphering the mystery of how the brain commands the body. Over the years, the field has made enormous progress. For example, neuroscientists now know that each person has as ...
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... ion flux rates and selectivity, although the major VDICs underlying neuronal excitability and electrical signaling are those selective for Na⫹, K⫹, and Ca2⫹. Neuronal VDICs also exhibit widely differing properties of how sensitive their gating, or the opening or closing of the channel pore, is to ch ...
... ion flux rates and selectivity, although the major VDICs underlying neuronal excitability and electrical signaling are those selective for Na⫹, K⫹, and Ca2⫹. Neuronal VDICs also exhibit widely differing properties of how sensitive their gating, or the opening or closing of the channel pore, is to ch ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... Physiol 296: R512–R520, 2009. First published November 21, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90858.2008.—Adipose tissue plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, secreting adipokines that control feeding, thermogenesis, and neuroendocrine function. Leptin is the prototypic adipokine that acts centrally t ...
... Physiol 296: R512–R520, 2009. First published November 21, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90858.2008.—Adipose tissue plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, secreting adipokines that control feeding, thermogenesis, and neuroendocrine function. Leptin is the prototypic adipokine that acts centrally t ...
Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat
... current spread to the alveus). Orthodromic stimuli were applied at 1.0–0.016 Hz; population spike amplitudes were allowed to stabilize before applying the fields. Control responses were obtained before and after application of polarizing current. Orthodromic stimuli were applied >0.5 s after field a ...
... current spread to the alveus). Orthodromic stimuli were applied at 1.0–0.016 Hz; population spike amplitudes were allowed to stabilize before applying the fields. Control responses were obtained before and after application of polarizing current. Orthodromic stimuli were applied >0.5 s after field a ...
BrainFacts.org A P R I M E R ...
... makes us human. Neuroscientists, whose specialty is the study of the brain and the nervous system, have the daunting task of deciphering the mystery of how the brain commands the body. Over the years, the field has made enormous progress. For example, neuroscientists now know that each person has as ...
... makes us human. Neuroscientists, whose specialty is the study of the brain and the nervous system, have the daunting task of deciphering the mystery of how the brain commands the body. Over the years, the field has made enormous progress. For example, neuroscientists now know that each person has as ...
morphological changes in chick embryo neural tissue associated
... minimal disruption to neural tissue. These two fixating methods were applied to control neural tissue as well as tissues exposed to 0.137M and 0.685M hydrocortisone. When evaluated by TEM, the control tissue appeared to be intact with no displacement. Exposure of neurons to 0.137M hydrocortisone ...
... minimal disruption to neural tissue. These two fixating methods were applied to control neural tissue as well as tissues exposed to 0.137M and 0.685M hydrocortisone. When evaluated by TEM, the control tissue appeared to be intact with no displacement. Exposure of neurons to 0.137M hydrocortisone ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... A. Similar adaptation effects in primary visual cortex and area MT of the macaque monkey under matched stimulus conditions. J Neurophysiol 111: 1203–1213, 2014. First published December 26, 2013; doi:10.1152/jn.00030.2013.—Recent stimulus history, or adaptation, can alter neuronal response propertie ...
... A. Similar adaptation effects in primary visual cortex and area MT of the macaque monkey under matched stimulus conditions. J Neurophysiol 111: 1203–1213, 2014. First published December 26, 2013; doi:10.1152/jn.00030.2013.—Recent stimulus history, or adaptation, can alter neuronal response propertie ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... pineal body (Figure AP 1.5). The pineal body plays a role in regulating our daily cycles such as our sleep/wake cycles. The hypothalamus is vital in controlling many of our basic biological functions including eating. In addition, the autonomic system is largely controlled from the hypothalamus. Fro ...
... pineal body (Figure AP 1.5). The pineal body plays a role in regulating our daily cycles such as our sleep/wake cycles. The hypothalamus is vital in controlling many of our basic biological functions including eating. In addition, the autonomic system is largely controlled from the hypothalamus. Fro ...
The role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and GABAergic
... been partly confirmed by EEG data. Furthermore, PET studies have shown modified metabolism in the frontal regions. However, exclusively frontal abnormalities are not always observed in ADNFLE patients, as shown by the inconclusive EEG data. Aberrant EEG waves in the frontal region have only been rec ...
... been partly confirmed by EEG data. Furthermore, PET studies have shown modified metabolism in the frontal regions. However, exclusively frontal abnormalities are not always observed in ADNFLE patients, as shown by the inconclusive EEG data. Aberrant EEG waves in the frontal region have only been rec ...
Neural Induction in Xenopus: Requirement for Ectodermal and
... animal cap, in a region that includes about 45o of arc above the floor of the blastocoel, as well as in the dorsal marginal zone (Figure 1B–1D). At the gastrula stage, the same genes are expressed in more vegetal regions, in the Spemann organizer located in the dorsal endomesoderm of the marginal zon ...
... animal cap, in a region that includes about 45o of arc above the floor of the blastocoel, as well as in the dorsal marginal zone (Figure 1B–1D). At the gastrula stage, the same genes are expressed in more vegetal regions, in the Spemann organizer located in the dorsal endomesoderm of the marginal zon ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... lesions were made at various rostral-caudal positions in the MGB identified with the silicon probe. FRAs were measured at different insertion depths with a tungsten microelectrode, and small lesions were made by passing 0.8 !A of current for 12 s at one or two points of interest along the lateral-to ...
... lesions were made at various rostral-caudal positions in the MGB identified with the silicon probe. FRAs were measured at different insertion depths with a tungsten microelectrode, and small lesions were made by passing 0.8 !A of current for 12 s at one or two points of interest along the lateral-to ...
Is neocortex essentially multisensory?
... properties of superior collicular neurons [36], but can also influence orienting behavior. Cats typically show multisensory enhancement of orienting to congruent visual– auditory spatial targets when stimuli are near threshold. When the anterior ectosylvian sulcus or the rostral lateral suprasylvian ...
... properties of superior collicular neurons [36], but can also influence orienting behavior. Cats typically show multisensory enhancement of orienting to congruent visual– auditory spatial targets when stimuli are near threshold. When the anterior ectosylvian sulcus or the rostral lateral suprasylvian ...
Can You Smell That? Anatomy and Physiology of Smell
... Nearly absent in many persons older than age of 80 years ...
... Nearly absent in many persons older than age of 80 years ...
Learning Innate Face Preferences
... orienting behavior do not learn and are physically separate from those that later learn from real faces (e.g. Johnson and Morton, 1991). However, recent studies show that newborns are capable of learning faces in the first few hours and days after birth (Bushnell et al., 1989; Field et al., 1984; Wa ...
... orienting behavior do not learn and are physically separate from those that later learn from real faces (e.g. Johnson and Morton, 1991). However, recent studies show that newborns are capable of learning faces in the first few hours and days after birth (Bushnell et al., 1989; Field et al., 1984; Wa ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218. Copyright © 1998 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/98/182626-20$05.00/0 ...
... Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218. Copyright © 1998 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/98/182626-20$05.00/0 ...
Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... by TEA (25 mM), a blocker of the slow, noninactivating K’ current. Collectively, these results indicate that all three depolarization-activated K’ currents contribute to outward rectification at different times and membrane potentials defined by their voltage dependence of activation and kinetics of ...
... by TEA (25 mM), a blocker of the slow, noninactivating K’ current. Collectively, these results indicate that all three depolarization-activated K’ currents contribute to outward rectification at different times and membrane potentials defined by their voltage dependence of activation and kinetics of ...
A role for FKBP52 in Tau protein function
... rat brain. Specifically bound proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting using antibodies directed against MAP1b, MAP2, and Tau. Under these experimental conditions, no immunoreactivity was observed for MAP1b or MAP2, but Tau immunoreactivity was present (Fig. 2A). In rat brain homogenates, Tau appears ...
... rat brain. Specifically bound proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting using antibodies directed against MAP1b, MAP2, and Tau. Under these experimental conditions, no immunoreactivity was observed for MAP1b or MAP2, but Tau immunoreactivity was present (Fig. 2A). In rat brain homogenates, Tau appears ...
The Physiology and psychology of pain
... trauma itself and, in many instances, is so emotionally and physically debilitating that it is a leading cause of suicide. Pain serves as one of the body’s defense mechanisms by warning the brain that its tissues may be in jeopardy, yet pain may be triggered without any physical damage to tissues. ...
... trauma itself and, in many instances, is so emotionally and physically debilitating that it is a leading cause of suicide. Pain serves as one of the body’s defense mechanisms by warning the brain that its tissues may be in jeopardy, yet pain may be triggered without any physical damage to tissues. ...
Role of Active Movement in Place-Specific Firing of Hippocampal
... Figure 2a shows representative examples of spatial firing patterns of two complex spike cells (top and middle) and a theta cell (bottom) during A1, P, and A2 sessions. Figure 2b shows pixel-bypixel correlations (transformed to Fisher’s z) among firing rate maps in A1, P, and A2 sessions of all analyze ...
... Figure 2a shows representative examples of spatial firing patterns of two complex spike cells (top and middle) and a theta cell (bottom) during A1, P, and A2 sessions. Figure 2b shows pixel-bypixel correlations (transformed to Fisher’s z) among firing rate maps in A1, P, and A2 sessions of all analyze ...
Does the End Justify the Means?
... and extrinsic hand muscles elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in subjects requested to observe grasping movements performed by an experimenter. At the end of the observation period TMS was applied to their motor cortex and motor-evoked potentials were recorded from hand muscles. The ...
... and extrinsic hand muscles elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in subjects requested to observe grasping movements performed by an experimenter. At the end of the observation period TMS was applied to their motor cortex and motor-evoked potentials were recorded from hand muscles. The ...
PVLV: The Primary Value and Learned Value
... situations and actions can lead to subsequent reward. For example, initial exposure to the presence of cookies in a cookie jar can enable a subsequent dopamine-reinforced approach and opening of the jar. The TD algorithm corrects this critical limitation of the Rescorla–Wagner algorithm by adopting ...
... situations and actions can lead to subsequent reward. For example, initial exposure to the presence of cookies in a cookie jar can enable a subsequent dopamine-reinforced approach and opening of the jar. The TD algorithm corrects this critical limitation of the Rescorla–Wagner algorithm by adopting ...
Hybrid Scheme for Modeling Local Field Potentials from Point
... the activity of point-neuron networks (e.g., population firing rates, synaptic currents and membrane potentials) has nevertheless been used as a proxy for the LFP when comparing with experiments. In a recent study comparing different candidate proxies, it was found that a suitably chosen sum of synap ...
... the activity of point-neuron networks (e.g., population firing rates, synaptic currents and membrane potentials) has nevertheless been used as a proxy for the LFP when comparing with experiments. In a recent study comparing different candidate proxies, it was found that a suitably chosen sum of synap ...
doc PHGY311
... hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For example, as discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6, cortisol produced from the adr ...
... hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For example, as discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6, cortisol produced from the adr ...
The assessment of hemispheric lateralization in functional MRI
... Subsequently, data were bandpass filtered (hrf as lowpass filter, cut-off period of the highpass filter was set using standard settings) and statistically analyzed in the context of the general linear model, using boxcar regressors convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response to model responses ...
... Subsequently, data were bandpass filtered (hrf as lowpass filter, cut-off period of the highpass filter was set using standard settings) and statistically analyzed in the context of the general linear model, using boxcar regressors convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response to model responses ...
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... appears to be related to an increase in the level of p75 mRNA (Wyatt et al., 1990) and labelling of the neurons by iodinated NGF (Davies et al., 1987). In our current study, we have used a quantitative PCR amplification technique to study the regulation of p75 and trkA mRNA levels in lowdensity diss ...
... appears to be related to an increase in the level of p75 mRNA (Wyatt et al., 1990) and labelling of the neurons by iodinated NGF (Davies et al., 1987). In our current study, we have used a quantitative PCR amplification technique to study the regulation of p75 and trkA mRNA levels in lowdensity diss ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.