Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... quantify rhythmicity during transient processes and indifferent to MUA absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before ...
... quantify rhythmicity during transient processes and indifferent to MUA absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
... The types of somesthetic stimuli that were effective in driving the cells were difficult to define. For 20 of the cells, the most effective stimulus was a low frequency (less than 2 Hz) tapping of low to medium intensity applied to a body part. Elsewhere we have referred to this type of unit as a T2 ...
... The types of somesthetic stimuli that were effective in driving the cells were difficult to define. For 20 of the cells, the most effective stimulus was a low frequency (less than 2 Hz) tapping of low to medium intensity applied to a body part. Elsewhere we have referred to this type of unit as a T2 ...
Full Text - Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard
... CPN subpopulations during embryonic and postnatal development. We used in situ hybridization analysis, immunocytochemistry, and retrograde labeling to define the layer-specific and neuron-type-specific distribution of these newly identified CPN genes across different stages of maturation. We demonst ...
... CPN subpopulations during embryonic and postnatal development. We used in situ hybridization analysis, immunocytochemistry, and retrograde labeling to define the layer-specific and neuron-type-specific distribution of these newly identified CPN genes across different stages of maturation. We demonst ...
Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination
... visual pattern perception have paralleled research on the neurophysiological response properties of neurons in the visual cortex. The prevailing view has been that psychophysical judgements about pattern discrimination and pattern appearance are limited by neuronal signals in early visual cortical a ...
... visual pattern perception have paralleled research on the neurophysiological response properties of neurons in the visual cortex. The prevailing view has been that psychophysical judgements about pattern discrimination and pattern appearance are limited by neuronal signals in early visual cortical a ...
Article Full Text PDF
... goldfish (Carassius auratus). The zebrafish M-cell has an axon cap, a high resistivity structure which surrounds the initial segment of the M-axon, and accounts for an unusual amplification of the fields generated within and around it. Second, extra- and intracellular recordings were performed with ...
... goldfish (Carassius auratus). The zebrafish M-cell has an axon cap, a high resistivity structure which surrounds the initial segment of the M-axon, and accounts for an unusual amplification of the fields generated within and around it. Second, extra- and intracellular recordings were performed with ...
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of
... and still difficult in other vertebrates, including their sophisticated genetics, ease of many cell biological manipulations, less gene redundancy and a very powerful toolbox of transgenic methods for neuronal circuit analysis – and for these reasons are continuing to play a pioneering role in genet ...
... and still difficult in other vertebrates, including their sophisticated genetics, ease of many cell biological manipulations, less gene redundancy and a very powerful toolbox of transgenic methods for neuronal circuit analysis – and for these reasons are continuing to play a pioneering role in genet ...
Simulation of myelinated neuron with focus on conduction speed
... Myelin sheath is a protective coat around the axon of a neuron and acts as an insulator to the electrical signal that is conducted down the axon as a neuron fires. This increases the conduction speed of action potential and thus is a critical factor in maintaining the proper communication within the ...
... Myelin sheath is a protective coat around the axon of a neuron and acts as an insulator to the electrical signal that is conducted down the axon as a neuron fires. This increases the conduction speed of action potential and thus is a critical factor in maintaining the proper communication within the ...
.... _ ACKNOWLEDGMENT !_ This monograph is based on the
... of a variety of neurological diseases. Consequently, the process of identifying, understanding, and regulating neurotoxic substances remains a pressing challenge. This challenge is complex because toxicants can injure the nervous system in a variety of ways. In addition, knowledge of the structure a ...
... of a variety of neurological diseases. Consequently, the process of identifying, understanding, and regulating neurotoxic substances remains a pressing challenge. This challenge is complex because toxicants can injure the nervous system in a variety of ways. In addition, knowledge of the structure a ...
neuro 2009 - addiction education home
... intervals). The subiculum also participates in a wide variety of other neurocognitive functions too, however. Much less well-known are roles for the subiculum, and particularly the ventral subiculum, in the response to fear, stress and anxiety, and in the generation of motivated behaviour (particula ...
... intervals). The subiculum also participates in a wide variety of other neurocognitive functions too, however. Much less well-known are roles for the subiculum, and particularly the ventral subiculum, in the response to fear, stress and anxiety, and in the generation of motivated behaviour (particula ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... Anterior Cingulate Cortex neurons 4.1 Optimal temporal sensitivity improves decoding of single units' behavioral adaptation signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Optimal temporal sensitivity mediates information improvement in a majority of single neurons . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 Te ...
... Anterior Cingulate Cortex neurons 4.1 Optimal temporal sensitivity improves decoding of single units' behavioral adaptation signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Optimal temporal sensitivity mediates information improvement in a majority of single neurons . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 Te ...
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus
... according to two cognitive domains3. The sensorydiscriminative domain involves stimulus localization and intensity, which can be assessed in a number of ways, including using the visual analogue scale, whereas the affective-motivational domain involves the affective component of pain, which can be m ...
... according to two cognitive domains3. The sensorydiscriminative domain involves stimulus localization and intensity, which can be assessed in a number of ways, including using the visual analogue scale, whereas the affective-motivational domain involves the affective component of pain, which can be m ...
Impact of correlated inputs to neurons
... network simulations (Kremkow et al. 2010). Modulation of the activity level of a neuron by background synaptic noise statistics has been demonstrated in in vitro experiments (Sceniak and Sabo 2010). Here, we studied the interplay of multiple potential rate modulating factors observed in experiments, ...
... network simulations (Kremkow et al. 2010). Modulation of the activity level of a neuron by background synaptic noise statistics has been demonstrated in in vitro experiments (Sceniak and Sabo 2010). Here, we studied the interplay of multiple potential rate modulating factors observed in experiments, ...
Review Early Steps in the Development of the Forebrain
... with an antibody to the neurotransmitter GABA. (E) Expression of shh (blue). In caudal regions, expression is restricted to the floorplate whereas in the midbrain expression includes other basal plate cells. In the diencephalon, shh expression extends dorsally along the zli, dividing the rostral pre ...
... with an antibody to the neurotransmitter GABA. (E) Expression of shh (blue). In caudal regions, expression is restricted to the floorplate whereas in the midbrain expression includes other basal plate cells. In the diencephalon, shh expression extends dorsally along the zli, dividing the rostral pre ...
Descending Inhibitory Systems
... used for treatment of various pain syndromes (Meyerson, 2001). This treatment method is based on the fact that the amygdala–(PAG)–rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)–dorsal horn endogenous antinociceptive system is endowed with high concentrations of opioid receptors in every relay station (Mansour e ...
... used for treatment of various pain syndromes (Meyerson, 2001). This treatment method is based on the fact that the amygdala–(PAG)–rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)–dorsal horn endogenous antinociceptive system is endowed with high concentrations of opioid receptors in every relay station (Mansour e ...
Anatomy and Physiology of Smell
... cAMP binds to Na, Ca ion channel depolarizing the cell creating an action potential Type 1a Pseudohypoparathyroidism: deficiency in stimulatory Golf, have olfactory loses ...
... cAMP binds to Na, Ca ion channel depolarizing the cell creating an action potential Type 1a Pseudohypoparathyroidism: deficiency in stimulatory Golf, have olfactory loses ...
Extraction of Sensory Parameters from a Neural Map by Primary
... Afferents. All afferent directional tuning curves presented in this report were derived from averaging the directional tuning curves measured from 60 receptors, as described in Landolfa and Miller (1995). For each receptor, a unidirectional air current was presented eight times at each of 16 differe ...
... Afferents. All afferent directional tuning curves presented in this report were derived from averaging the directional tuning curves measured from 60 receptors, as described in Landolfa and Miller (1995). For each receptor, a unidirectional air current was presented eight times at each of 16 differe ...
Neural Mechanisms of Subclinical Depressive
... Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ...
... Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ...
Trigeminal, Gustatory, and Visceral Sensory Systems
... 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Small diameter afferent fibers, which mediate pain and temperature senses, enter the pons and descend in the spinal trigeminal tract. (Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent fibers located?) These afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigem ...
... 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Small diameter afferent fibers, which mediate pain and temperature senses, enter the pons and descend in the spinal trigeminal tract. (Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent fibers located?) These afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigem ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... cortical microstimulation to probe the mapping from primary motor cortex to the biceps and triceps muscles of the arm in monkeys. The mapping appeared to change depending on the angle at which the elbow was fixed. For sites in the dorsal part of the arm and hand representation, the effects of stimul ...
... cortical microstimulation to probe the mapping from primary motor cortex to the biceps and triceps muscles of the arm in monkeys. The mapping appeared to change depending on the angle at which the elbow was fixed. For sites in the dorsal part of the arm and hand representation, the effects of stimul ...
106th Annual Meeting of the German Zoological Society Abstracts
... human speech and for bird song learning. In vitro, transcriptional activity of FoxP2 requires dimerization with itself or with paralogues FoxP1 and FoxP4. To investigate the potential relevance of synergies between the different FoxP proteins, we studied neural co-expression, dimerization and compar ...
... human speech and for bird song learning. In vitro, transcriptional activity of FoxP2 requires dimerization with itself or with paralogues FoxP1 and FoxP4. To investigate the potential relevance of synergies between the different FoxP proteins, we studied neural co-expression, dimerization and compar ...
Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
... Role of the oval nucleus and CRF. Much evidence suggests that CRF exerts anxiogenic effects through its actions in BNST. For instance, intra-BNST (Sahuque et al., 2006) or intracerebroventricular injections of CRF (Lee and Davis, 1997) cause anxiogenic effects, and the latter are blocked by intra-BN ...
... Role of the oval nucleus and CRF. Much evidence suggests that CRF exerts anxiogenic effects through its actions in BNST. For instance, intra-BNST (Sahuque et al., 2006) or intracerebroventricular injections of CRF (Lee and Davis, 1997) cause anxiogenic effects, and the latter are blocked by intra-BN ...
Layer 4 in Primary Visual Cortex
... and GABAergic inhibitory neurons, with the population of excitatory neurons (more than 80%) > 4 times higher than that of inhibitory cells (less than 20%, Gabbott and Somogyi, 1986; Fitzpatrick et al., 1987; Hendry et al., 1987; Meinecke and Peters, 1987; Demeulemeester et al., 1988). Morphologicall ...
... and GABAergic inhibitory neurons, with the population of excitatory neurons (more than 80%) > 4 times higher than that of inhibitory cells (less than 20%, Gabbott and Somogyi, 1986; Fitzpatrick et al., 1987; Hendry et al., 1987; Meinecke and Peters, 1987; Demeulemeester et al., 1988). Morphologicall ...
Alterations of Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus Are
... All the biochemical phenomena, which may occur within the spectrum of pathogenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease affect the brain metabolic activity reasonably, since increasing evidence from functional neuroimaging plead in favor of the global and regional disruptions in brain metabolism in adv ...
... All the biochemical phenomena, which may occur within the spectrum of pathogenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease affect the brain metabolic activity reasonably, since increasing evidence from functional neuroimaging plead in favor of the global and regional disruptions in brain metabolism in adv ...
The auditory cortex
... shown. It is important to note that all the topographies shown (1-6) and the excitation by contralateral and ipsilateral ear (EE) and excitation by contralateral and inhibition by ipsilateral ear (EI) clusters are superimposed on every isofrequency stripe that can be considered. For better visibilit ...
... shown. It is important to note that all the topographies shown (1-6) and the excitation by contralateral and ipsilateral ear (EE) and excitation by contralateral and inhibition by ipsilateral ear (EI) clusters are superimposed on every isofrequency stripe that can be considered. For better visibilit ...
the spinal cord and spinal nerves
... Even in this age of technology and computers, no computer built today can rival the complexity of the human nervous system. The nervous system is a network of billions of interconnected nerve cells (neurons) that receive stimuli, coordinate this sensory information and cause the body to respond appr ...
... Even in this age of technology and computers, no computer built today can rival the complexity of the human nervous system. The nervous system is a network of billions of interconnected nerve cells (neurons) that receive stimuli, coordinate this sensory information and cause the body to respond appr ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.