Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... © 2014 Kang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original wo ...
... © 2014 Kang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original wo ...
The Loss of Glutamate-GABA Harmony in Anxiety Disorders
... benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor, thus enhancing the affinity of the natural agonist to the receptor, known as benzodiazepines (Sternbach et al., 1974). The number of representatives of the group reaches nearly 80, and diazepam is probably the best known not only as an anxiolytic, b ...
... benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor, thus enhancing the affinity of the natural agonist to the receptor, known as benzodiazepines (Sternbach et al., 1974). The number of representatives of the group reaches nearly 80, and diazepam is probably the best known not only as an anxiolytic, b ...
lmmunocytochemical Localization of Protein Kinase C lsozymes in
... al., 1986). Transcripts of these PKC genesin certain brain regionshave beenidentified both by Northern blot analysis(Parker et al., 1986)and in situ hybridization histochemistry (Brandt et al., 1987). Previously we isolated 3 isozymic forms of PKC, designated types I, II, and III, from rat brain by ...
... al., 1986). Transcripts of these PKC genesin certain brain regionshave beenidentified both by Northern blot analysis(Parker et al., 1986)and in situ hybridization histochemistry (Brandt et al., 1987). Previously we isolated 3 isozymic forms of PKC, designated types I, II, and III, from rat brain by ...
Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the
... complex arrangements in the auditory brainstem, the anatomy of the CNS frequently implies a well-defined plan, albeit one that is very complex and hard to understand (Kandel et al., 2000). Therefore, studying the responses of neurons with specific relative spatial arrangements such as either fixed s ...
... complex arrangements in the auditory brainstem, the anatomy of the CNS frequently implies a well-defined plan, albeit one that is very complex and hard to understand (Kandel et al., 2000). Therefore, studying the responses of neurons with specific relative spatial arrangements such as either fixed s ...
The basal ganglia: from motor commands to the
... or bradykinesia. Panigrahi et al. [43] showed that bradykinesia was a prominent feature of both locomotor and reaching movements in a murine model of Parkinson’s disease [44] with a number of similarities to deficits in human patients [1,45]. Alterations in the striatal representation of movem ...
... or bradykinesia. Panigrahi et al. [43] showed that bradykinesia was a prominent feature of both locomotor and reaching movements in a murine model of Parkinson’s disease [44] with a number of similarities to deficits in human patients [1,45]. Alterations in the striatal representation of movem ...
Phosphorylated Tyr142 β-Catenin signaling in axon morphogenesis and centrosomal functions Deepshikha Bhardwaj
... Lleida officials, this acknowledgement would be incomplete. I would like to appreciate their ever-ready nature of helping students. I want to acknowledge the help received from other research groups during my Ph.D term, with a special mention for the “Segunda planta chicas” of IRB Leida (Christina ...
... Lleida officials, this acknowledgement would be incomplete. I would like to appreciate their ever-ready nature of helping students. I want to acknowledge the help received from other research groups during my Ph.D term, with a special mention for the “Segunda planta chicas” of IRB Leida (Christina ...
Insect Bio-inspired Neural Network Provides New Evidence on How
... a complex neuronal architecture. Using the published intracellular recordings of large-field optic ganglia neurons to achromatic stimuli [13, 14] and the known anatomical morphologies of mushroom body (learning centres) class II ‘clawed’ Kenyon cells [15] we designed two simple, but biologically ins ...
... a complex neuronal architecture. Using the published intracellular recordings of large-field optic ganglia neurons to achromatic stimuli [13, 14] and the known anatomical morphologies of mushroom body (learning centres) class II ‘clawed’ Kenyon cells [15] we designed two simple, but biologically ins ...
- Wiley Online Library
... different response to neural injury compared with mammalian neural injury. The regenerating urodele cord produces new neurons as well as supporting axonal regrowth. It is not yet clear to what extent urodele spinal cord regeneration recapitulates embryonic anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning ...
... different response to neural injury compared with mammalian neural injury. The regenerating urodele cord produces new neurons as well as supporting axonal regrowth. It is not yet clear to what extent urodele spinal cord regeneration recapitulates embryonic anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... 2004), GABAergic and cholinergic neurons of cerebellum and striatum (Danik et al. 2005). It has been proposed that corelease of glutamate with GABA may contribute to inhibitory synaptic plasticity and that corelease of glutamate together with acetylcholine might activate silent synapses. Since silen ...
... 2004), GABAergic and cholinergic neurons of cerebellum and striatum (Danik et al. 2005). It has been proposed that corelease of glutamate with GABA may contribute to inhibitory synaptic plasticity and that corelease of glutamate together with acetylcholine might activate silent synapses. Since silen ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... hard to demonstrate in mammalian brains (Geinisman 2000; Barnes and Finnerty 2010). It is widely thought that structure and function are closely related (Lisman and Harris 1993; Pierce and Lewin 1994). In principle, then, it should be possible to predict how behavioral experience alters signaling be ...
... hard to demonstrate in mammalian brains (Geinisman 2000; Barnes and Finnerty 2010). It is widely thought that structure and function are closely related (Lisman and Harris 1993; Pierce and Lewin 1994). In principle, then, it should be possible to predict how behavioral experience alters signaling be ...
Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Encode a Quantitative Reward
... provide a physiological correlate of the reward prediction error signal required by current models of reinforcement learning. We examined the activity of single dopamine neurons during a task in which subjects learned by trial and error when to make an eye movement for a juice reward. We found that ...
... provide a physiological correlate of the reward prediction error signal required by current models of reinforcement learning. We examined the activity of single dopamine neurons during a task in which subjects learned by trial and error when to make an eye movement for a juice reward. We found that ...
neurocircuitry of addiction
... each molecular neuroplastic event must be tested in animal models of addiction; a labor-intensive process often employing imprecise tools for selective in vivo manipulation of cell biology. Moreover, this problem is compounded by the fact that the neuroadaptations associated with use of a drug of ab ...
... each molecular neuroplastic event must be tested in animal models of addiction; a labor-intensive process often employing imprecise tools for selective in vivo manipulation of cell biology. Moreover, this problem is compounded by the fact that the neuroadaptations associated with use of a drug of ab ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... dynamics are such that the resulting activity patterns are somehow representative of this distribution. However, before we spell out in detail the link between the posterior and actual neural dynamics (see next section), we first need to understand more thoroughly some key properties of the posterio ...
... dynamics are such that the resulting activity patterns are somehow representative of this distribution. However, before we spell out in detail the link between the posterior and actual neural dynamics (see next section), we first need to understand more thoroughly some key properties of the posterio ...
Moving the Shh Source over Time: What Impact on Neural Cell
... in the pMN domain [23]. However, Shh concentration is not the only level of regulation as duration of exposure to Shh also influences the response to the morphogen, with ventral identities requiring longer time of Shh exposure to be established [24,25]. Therefore, progenitor domains form sequentiall ...
... in the pMN domain [23]. However, Shh concentration is not the only level of regulation as duration of exposure to Shh also influences the response to the morphogen, with ventral identities requiring longer time of Shh exposure to be established [24,25]. Therefore, progenitor domains form sequentiall ...
Human Biology I - Control and Development
... Thicker axons have lower resistance. Myelinated axons have lower resistance. In myelinated axons, the ability of the action potential to jump from one gap in the myelin sheath to the next makes it faster still. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley ...
... Thicker axons have lower resistance. Myelinated axons have lower resistance. In myelinated axons, the ability of the action potential to jump from one gap in the myelin sheath to the next makes it faster still. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley ...
Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat.
... proceed under deep pentobarbital anesthesia. CTAs have been well documented [7,19,22,24,57,126] in terms of their behavioral mechanisms and phenomenological aspects since the pioneering studies by Garcia and ...
... proceed under deep pentobarbital anesthesia. CTAs have been well documented [7,19,22,24,57,126] in terms of their behavioral mechanisms and phenomenological aspects since the pioneering studies by Garcia and ...
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
... autopsy, it occurred to us that lGnRH-III could be the FSHRF, because lGnRH-I had little activity for release of either LH or FSH (18). Indeed, lGnRH-III is a potent FSHreleasing factor with little or no LH-releasing activity both in vitro when incubated with hemipituitaries of male rats and in vivo ...
... autopsy, it occurred to us that lGnRH-III could be the FSHRF, because lGnRH-I had little activity for release of either LH or FSH (18). Indeed, lGnRH-III is a potent FSHreleasing factor with little or no LH-releasing activity both in vitro when incubated with hemipituitaries of male rats and in vivo ...
Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time ⁎ Michael E. Hasselmo , Chantal E. Stern
... memory function (Berry and Thompson, 1978; Givens and Olton, 1990; Seager et al., 2002; Vertes and Kocsis, 1997; Winson, 1978). Conditioning of eye blink responses to air puff or jaw movements to reward occurs more rapidly in animals with greater power of pre-stimulus theta rhythm (Berry and Thompso ...
... memory function (Berry and Thompson, 1978; Givens and Olton, 1990; Seager et al., 2002; Vertes and Kocsis, 1997; Winson, 1978). Conditioning of eye blink responses to air puff or jaw movements to reward occurs more rapidly in animals with greater power of pre-stimulus theta rhythm (Berry and Thompso ...
The Drosophila Pox neuro gene: control of male courtship behavior
... In homozygous Poxn∆M22-B5 flies, all taste bristles on wings, legs and labellum are affected. Thus, all taste bristles on the anterior wing margin (Fig. 2A) are transformed into mechanosensory bristles, and the transformed dorsal bristles no longer constitute a second posterior row, but are interspe ...
... In homozygous Poxn∆M22-B5 flies, all taste bristles on wings, legs and labellum are affected. Thus, all taste bristles on the anterior wing margin (Fig. 2A) are transformed into mechanosensory bristles, and the transformed dorsal bristles no longer constitute a second posterior row, but are interspe ...
Severely dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques
... was determined in the same cortical regions where we based our axon studies, those where axon imaging is most clear. Six sagittal sections (3 sections/hemisphere) were made at 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 mm, respectively from the midline (or interhemispheric fissure). A 90 mm2 box was systematically randomly pl ...
... was determined in the same cortical regions where we based our axon studies, those where axon imaging is most clear. Six sagittal sections (3 sections/hemisphere) were made at 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 mm, respectively from the midline (or interhemispheric fissure). A 90 mm2 box was systematically randomly pl ...
Insulin Treatment Prevents Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Injury
... The precise determinants of HAND remain unclear, although host factors (age, genetic background, comorbidities), neuroinflammatory processes (inflammasome activation, cytokine production), and viral properties (replicative capacity, neural cell tropism and virus-encoded neurotoxic proteins) have bee ...
... The precise determinants of HAND remain unclear, although host factors (age, genetic background, comorbidities), neuroinflammatory processes (inflammasome activation, cytokine production), and viral properties (replicative capacity, neural cell tropism and virus-encoded neurotoxic proteins) have bee ...
PDF
... Although primary neuronal cultures have been the most widely used system to study neuronal polarity, in vivo systems are essential for the elucidation and functional validation of neuronal-polarity regulators (Rolls and Doe, 2004). The fully elucidated neural-circuit diagrams (White et al., 1986) an ...
... Although primary neuronal cultures have been the most widely used system to study neuronal polarity, in vivo systems are essential for the elucidation and functional validation of neuronal-polarity regulators (Rolls and Doe, 2004). The fully elucidated neural-circuit diagrams (White et al., 1986) an ...
Reuss 9..48
... GABA is a major transmitter of the SCN. Furthermore, there is multiple evidence that amino acid transmitters are of major importance for SCN function. GABA, thought to be the principal neurotransmitter in the SCN [Moore and Speh, 1993], is found in most if not all neurons, and the mRNA for its synth ...
... GABA is a major transmitter of the SCN. Furthermore, there is multiple evidence that amino acid transmitters are of major importance for SCN function. GABA, thought to be the principal neurotransmitter in the SCN [Moore and Speh, 1993], is found in most if not all neurons, and the mRNA for its synth ...
Glycolytic Enzymes Localize to Synapses under Energy Stress to
... Glycolytic proteins have been hypothesized to interact and form functional supercomplexes, termed glycolytic metabolons (or glycolons), which sustain the accelerated rates of glycolysis (Clarke and Masters, 1975; Kurganov et al., 1985; Ureta, 1985). The concept of the glycolytic metabolon derives fr ...
... Glycolytic proteins have been hypothesized to interact and form functional supercomplexes, termed glycolytic metabolons (or glycolons), which sustain the accelerated rates of glycolysis (Clarke and Masters, 1975; Kurganov et al., 1985; Ureta, 1985). The concept of the glycolytic metabolon derives fr ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... quantify rhythmicity during transient processes and indifferent to MUA absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before ...
... quantify rhythmicity during transient processes and indifferent to MUA absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.