Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... were significantly larger than those of correlated neurons, and they were often larger than the excitatory fields for renal sympathetic nerve activity. Excitatory fields are defined as the area of body surface from which stimulation of sensory receptors evoked excitation of the neuron. Once identified n ...
... were significantly larger than those of correlated neurons, and they were often larger than the excitatory fields for renal sympathetic nerve activity. Excitatory fields are defined as the area of body surface from which stimulation of sensory receptors evoked excitation of the neuron. Once identified n ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... the recording pipettes would reduce the sag response, we initially tried to use intracellular solution that did not contain QX-314. However, the contamination of the action potential prevented reliable recordings of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). We therefore included a low concentration ...
... the recording pipettes would reduce the sag response, we initially tried to use intracellular solution that did not contain QX-314. However, the contamination of the action potential prevented reliable recordings of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). We therefore included a low concentration ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... Steady fixation and stabilized retinal image. Filling-in also occurs in the normal visual field where there is no deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an ob ...
... Steady fixation and stabilized retinal image. Filling-in also occurs in the normal visual field where there is no deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an ob ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... (strengthening or weakening) that is synapse specific and depends on correlations between pre- and postsynaptic firing. By acting independently at each synapse, Hebbian plasticity gains great power, but also acquires stability problems. To avoid excessively high or low firing rates, the total amount ...
... (strengthening or weakening) that is synapse specific and depends on correlations between pre- and postsynaptic firing. By acting independently at each synapse, Hebbian plasticity gains great power, but also acquires stability problems. To avoid excessively high or low firing rates, the total amount ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
... which represent the weaning and pubertal period in rats.33 The expression of GALP may therefore be associated with developmental changes linked to weaning, feeding and maturation of reproductive function.33 Subsequently, based on immunohistochemical analysis using an anti-GALP monoclonal antibody, G ...
... which represent the weaning and pubertal period in rats.33 The expression of GALP may therefore be associated with developmental changes linked to weaning, feeding and maturation of reproductive function.33 Subsequently, based on immunohistochemical analysis using an anti-GALP monoclonal antibody, G ...
Background - Harvard University
... the feeling of its going down the throat, or the rise in blood sugar subsequent to its digestion that makes it a reward and has one come back for more? Which of these events constitutes the primary rewarding effect, and do different objects draw their rewarding effects from different events (Wise 20 ...
... the feeling of its going down the throat, or the rise in blood sugar subsequent to its digestion that makes it a reward and has one come back for more? Which of these events constitutes the primary rewarding effect, and do different objects draw their rewarding effects from different events (Wise 20 ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... (strengthening or weakening) that is synapse specific and depends on correlations between pre- and postsynaptic firing. By acting independently at each synapse, Hebbian plasticity gains great power, but also acquires stability problems. To avoid excessively high or low firing rates, the total amount ...
... (strengthening or weakening) that is synapse specific and depends on correlations between pre- and postsynaptic firing. By acting independently at each synapse, Hebbian plasticity gains great power, but also acquires stability problems. To avoid excessively high or low firing rates, the total amount ...
ROLE OF EARLY ACOUSTIC EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAT by
... (Cynader & Mitchell, 1980; Hubel & Wiesel, 1970). Similarly, deprivation of somatosensory inputs through vibrissal follicle destruction interrupts the morphological and functional development of the barrel cortex (Van der Loos & Woolsey, 1973). In both cases, sensory deprivation impedes normal neoco ...
... (Cynader & Mitchell, 1980; Hubel & Wiesel, 1970). Similarly, deprivation of somatosensory inputs through vibrissal follicle destruction interrupts the morphological and functional development of the barrel cortex (Van der Loos & Woolsey, 1973). In both cases, sensory deprivation impedes normal neoco ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in m ...
... tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in m ...
Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
... excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consisting of the bushy cells in the CN and the principal cells of the superior olivary complex is described. This circuit makes the precise comparisons of time of arrival and sound level in ...
... excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consisting of the bushy cells in the CN and the principal cells of the superior olivary complex is described. This circuit makes the precise comparisons of time of arrival and sound level in ...
Dendritic Signal Integration
... approaches. Basic anatomical methods define the architecture of dendritic trees, while electron microscopic analysis provides detailed information about the fine structure of dendrites, spines, and synapses, as well as organelles that influence the function of dendrites. Antibodies against ion chann ...
... approaches. Basic anatomical methods define the architecture of dendritic trees, while electron microscopic analysis provides detailed information about the fine structure of dendrites, spines, and synapses, as well as organelles that influence the function of dendrites. Antibodies against ion chann ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... cortex area for the hand, as defined by TMS,39,40 correlates with better motor outcome. Studies in animals41 and humans42 have described a shift in sensorimotor cortex activation from bilateral to stroke-affected hemisphere in association with poststroke recovery, particularly in patients with subco ...
... cortex area for the hand, as defined by TMS,39,40 correlates with better motor outcome. Studies in animals41 and humans42 have described a shift in sensorimotor cortex activation from bilateral to stroke-affected hemisphere in association with poststroke recovery, particularly in patients with subco ...
Kobayashi S, Kawagoe R, Takikawa Y, Koizumi M, Sakagami M
... When CUE-dir and RWD-dir were in different directions (RWDB–CUEA and RWDA–CUEB), there was no immediate reward available and instead reward would be given in a later trial. Activity with a significant interaction effect (P < 0.01) in 2-way ANOVA was further examined by post-hoc multiple comparison ( ...
... When CUE-dir and RWD-dir were in different directions (RWDB–CUEA and RWDA–CUEB), there was no immediate reward available and instead reward would be given in a later trial. Activity with a significant interaction effect (P < 0.01) in 2-way ANOVA was further examined by post-hoc multiple comparison ( ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... The retinotectal map can also be investigated by electrophysiological recordings from tectum. A microelectrode inserted into the superficial layers of tectum (principally SFGS) picks up spiking activity that is briskly evoked by visual stimulation in a particular region of the visual field of the o ...
... The retinotectal map can also be investigated by electrophysiological recordings from tectum. A microelectrode inserted into the superficial layers of tectum (principally SFGS) picks up spiking activity that is briskly evoked by visual stimulation in a particular region of the visual field of the o ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
Nodose Ganglia-Modulatory Effects on Respiration
... adenosine we have tested seems to rely on mediation through the peripheral A1 receptors expressed in the heart and vasculature (Shryock and Belardinelli 1997, Tabrizchi and Bedi 2001), producing vasodilatation either via release of other neurotransmitters (Hedner et al. 1982, Stella et al. 1993) or ...
... adenosine we have tested seems to rely on mediation through the peripheral A1 receptors expressed in the heart and vasculature (Shryock and Belardinelli 1997, Tabrizchi and Bedi 2001), producing vasodilatation either via release of other neurotransmitters (Hedner et al. 1982, Stella et al. 1993) or ...
Introduction to Electroencephalography (EEG)
... EEG: electrical activity recorded via electrodes on the scalp High temporal resolution (millisecond scale) and low spatial resolution Relatively cheap neuroimaging technique http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2007/01/1-16-07-eeg.jpg ...
... EEG: electrical activity recorded via electrodes on the scalp High temporal resolution (millisecond scale) and low spatial resolution Relatively cheap neuroimaging technique http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2007/01/1-16-07-eeg.jpg ...
HTM Cortical Learning Algorithms
... Relation to previous documents Parts of HTM theory are described in the 2004 book On Intelligence, in white papers published by Numenta, and in peer reviewed papers written by Numenta employees. We don’t assume you’ve read any of this prior material, much of which has been incorporated and updated ...
... Relation to previous documents Parts of HTM theory are described in the 2004 book On Intelligence, in white papers published by Numenta, and in peer reviewed papers written by Numenta employees. We don’t assume you’ve read any of this prior material, much of which has been incorporated and updated ...
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
... affected by momentary events and dominated by objects in their immediate environment. The younger the children, the less able they are to be aware of time or to give priority to future events over more immediate wants. Such behaviors are signs of a problem, however, when children display them signif ...
... affected by momentary events and dominated by objects in their immediate environment. The younger the children, the less able they are to be aware of time or to give priority to future events over more immediate wants. Such behaviors are signs of a problem, however, when children display them signif ...
body proportions in infancy and early childhood
... Neural Development: Synaptogenesis • A process in which neurons form synapses and thereby increase connections with other • Peaks in different brain regions at different ages • Transient exuberance – the explosion in connections in the early years of life – The brain makes more connections than it ...
... Neural Development: Synaptogenesis • A process in which neurons form synapses and thereby increase connections with other • Peaks in different brain regions at different ages • Transient exuberance – the explosion in connections in the early years of life – The brain makes more connections than it ...
Activity Regulates the Synaptic Localization of the NMDA Receptor
... in NMDA responsiveness and extends the critical period for synaptic reorganization. Conversely, frog tecta chronically treated with NMDA show a decreased NMDA responsiveness coupled to refinement of topographic map formation (Debski et al., 1991). Changes in NMDA responsiveness in cultured neurons h ...
... in NMDA responsiveness and extends the critical period for synaptic reorganization. Conversely, frog tecta chronically treated with NMDA show a decreased NMDA responsiveness coupled to refinement of topographic map formation (Debski et al., 1991). Changes in NMDA responsiveness in cultured neurons h ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1–2 mg/kg), supplemented as needed to maintain a surgical level of anaesthesia or replaced with 2% isoflurane as an inhalation anaesthetic. The head was fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a portion of posterior parietal ...
... of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1–2 mg/kg), supplemented as needed to maintain a surgical level of anaesthesia or replaced with 2% isoflurane as an inhalation anaesthetic. The head was fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a portion of posterior parietal ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... of the stop-signal task (Bryden et al., 2012). In the majority of trials (80%), rats were instructed to respond (GO) to a directional cuelight. On the remaining 20% of trials rats had to inhibit their initiated response and redirect movement in the opposite direction to achieve reward (STOP trials). ...
... of the stop-signal task (Bryden et al., 2012). In the majority of trials (80%), rats were instructed to respond (GO) to a directional cuelight. On the remaining 20% of trials rats had to inhibit their initiated response and redirect movement in the opposite direction to achieve reward (STOP trials). ...
Link
... threshold. This mask retained the structural information of the T1weighted image and could be utilized for defining normalization parameters. The anatomical images were normalized to a voxel size of 1*1*1 mm. Functional EPIs were corrected for acquisition delay and co-registered to the original T1-w ...
... threshold. This mask retained the structural information of the T1weighted image and could be utilized for defining normalization parameters. The anatomical images were normalized to a voxel size of 1*1*1 mm. Functional EPIs were corrected for acquisition delay and co-registered to the original T1-w ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.