IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... number of purkinje cells, disappearance of dendrites, mitochondrial swelling, and endoplasmic reticulum dilatation in the brain of fluoride exposed animals [10]. Fluoride and low iodine exposed animal brain showed shrunken, pyknotic, dark stained neurons with small nuclei, spheroid bodies and decrea ...
... number of purkinje cells, disappearance of dendrites, mitochondrial swelling, and endoplasmic reticulum dilatation in the brain of fluoride exposed animals [10]. Fluoride and low iodine exposed animal brain showed shrunken, pyknotic, dark stained neurons with small nuclei, spheroid bodies and decrea ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... using immunocytochemical methods and high affinity uptake of exogenous [3H]GABA it has been possible to provide the morphological characteristics of stained neurons and information about their connections. It appears that GABAergic interneurons and terminals are present in all layers of the striate ...
... using immunocytochemical methods and high affinity uptake of exogenous [3H]GABA it has been possible to provide the morphological characteristics of stained neurons and information about their connections. It appears that GABAergic interneurons and terminals are present in all layers of the striate ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... of rate modulations. A simulation suggests that the changes in dopaminergic synchronization could provide an additional mechanism for controlling their concentrations in the striatum, beyond firing rate and pattern. Thus, the difference between the response properties of the basal ganglia subsystems ...
... of rate modulations. A simulation suggests that the changes in dopaminergic synchronization could provide an additional mechanism for controlling their concentrations in the striatum, beyond firing rate and pattern. Thus, the difference between the response properties of the basal ganglia subsystems ...
Pleiotrophin is a Neurotrophic Factor for Spinal Motor Neurons
... After 8 weeks, saline-treated animals showed no regeneration across the gap. In animals treated with HEK-293PTN cells, there was a dramatic increase in the number of regenerated myelinated axons 12 mm distal to the repair site compared with the animals treated with the HEK-293vector cells (6,745 axo ...
... After 8 weeks, saline-treated animals showed no regeneration across the gap. In animals treated with HEK-293PTN cells, there was a dramatic increase in the number of regenerated myelinated axons 12 mm distal to the repair site compared with the animals treated with the HEK-293vector cells (6,745 axo ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... Sterling 1977). However, the physiological profiles of motoneurons identified in the two subdivisions were demonstrated to be the same (Pastor et al. 1991) as were the observed distribution of gap junctions (present study). Data herein also will show that electrotonic coupling is present in all of t ...
... Sterling 1977). However, the physiological profiles of motoneurons identified in the two subdivisions were demonstrated to be the same (Pastor et al. 1991) as were the observed distribution of gap junctions (present study). Data herein also will show that electrotonic coupling is present in all of t ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
... cases in which a trial was aborted by breaking fixation, even during the first second, were rare. Out of all long-delay trials, 2.6% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (5.6% and 0.03% in monkeys P and F respectively). Out of all short-delay trials, 0.03% were terminated by a fixa ...
... cases in which a trial was aborted by breaking fixation, even during the first second, were rare. Out of all long-delay trials, 2.6% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (5.6% and 0.03% in monkeys P and F respectively). Out of all short-delay trials, 0.03% were terminated by a fixa ...
Repetition suppression - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... contribution of brain regions that exist in humans but may be absent in other species. These issues are therefore particularly pertinent when investigating complex cognitive processes and neuropsychiatric pathology, which cannot be modelled in animals. Rather, we must develop ways to indirectly meas ...
... contribution of brain regions that exist in humans but may be absent in other species. These issues are therefore particularly pertinent when investigating complex cognitive processes and neuropsychiatric pathology, which cannot be modelled in animals. Rather, we must develop ways to indirectly meas ...
The Resilience of Computationalism - Philsci
... mechanisms such as computers and computing neural networks, fall within this class. Continuous variables have more expressive power than discrete ones, so they can be used to express the same information and more. But more importantly, most of our physics and engineering of midsize objects, includin ...
... mechanisms such as computers and computing neural networks, fall within this class. Continuous variables have more expressive power than discrete ones, so they can be used to express the same information and more. But more importantly, most of our physics and engineering of midsize objects, includin ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
... amongst different neuromodulators (Marder and Thirumalai, 2002). Thus, in implementational terms, neuromodulators allow for the multiplexing of functions within individual networks. At a larger functional scale, neuromodulators can alter the balance between different networks. This can be done by br ...
... amongst different neuromodulators (Marder and Thirumalai, 2002). Thus, in implementational terms, neuromodulators allow for the multiplexing of functions within individual networks. At a larger functional scale, neuromodulators can alter the balance between different networks. This can be done by br ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
Evidence of sympathetic ®bers in the male rat pelvic nerve
... and their axons run in the pelvic nerve.1;2 Sympathetic preganglionic neurons to the pelvic organs project from the T13-L2 spinal cord to the inferior mesenteric ganglion and further travel distally in the hypogastric nerves. Other sympathetic ®bers travel caudally in the paravertebral sympathetic c ...
... and their axons run in the pelvic nerve.1;2 Sympathetic preganglionic neurons to the pelvic organs project from the T13-L2 spinal cord to the inferior mesenteric ganglion and further travel distally in the hypogastric nerves. Other sympathetic ®bers travel caudally in the paravertebral sympathetic c ...
Text - ETH E
... hypothetical temporal stimulus representations have also been referred to as ‘complete serial compound stimulus’ (Sutton & Barto, 1990) or ‘spectral timing mechanism’ (Brown, Bullock, & Grossberg, 1999). A temporal stimulus representation is necessary to reproduce the depression of dopamine activity ...
... hypothetical temporal stimulus representations have also been referred to as ‘complete serial compound stimulus’ (Sutton & Barto, 1990) or ‘spectral timing mechanism’ (Brown, Bullock, & Grossberg, 1999). A temporal stimulus representation is necessary to reproduce the depression of dopamine activity ...
Review Spectrin and calpain
... acids at the P1 site are less determined. Thus, sites susceptible to calpain activity should be found in many proteins, but only a small subset of intracellular proteins have been reported to undergo proteolysis, and most of them remain resistant. Furthermore, calpain cleaves its substrates into lim ...
... acids at the P1 site are less determined. Thus, sites susceptible to calpain activity should be found in many proteins, but only a small subset of intracellular proteins have been reported to undergo proteolysis, and most of them remain resistant. Furthermore, calpain cleaves its substrates into lim ...
Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... planes (i.e., an ωEH signal) can be used to control balance, whereas rotations in the horizontal plane (i.e., an ωEV signal) can be used primarily for navigation. In this particular experiment, such computation could be performed either entirely by vestibular signals or through contributions from bo ...
... planes (i.e., an ωEH signal) can be used to control balance, whereas rotations in the horizontal plane (i.e., an ωEV signal) can be used primarily for navigation. In this particular experiment, such computation could be performed either entirely by vestibular signals or through contributions from bo ...
Bayesian Spiking Neurons II: Learning
... more (or less) probable than average was xt when a spike was received from that synapse. Thus, the weights are positively or negatively incremented depending on whether the probability of xt tends to be larger or smaller than its running average at the moment of the synaptic input. Similarly, learni ...
... more (or less) probable than average was xt when a spike was received from that synapse. Thus, the weights are positively or negatively incremented depending on whether the probability of xt tends to be larger or smaller than its running average at the moment of the synaptic input. Similarly, learni ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... trace conditioning the LI is larger for a single training trial. Flies form a stronger association for shorter ISIs. Interestingly the reversal of the order of both stimuli changes not only the sign of the ISI but also the sign of the resulting LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Fl ...
... trace conditioning the LI is larger for a single training trial. Flies form a stronger association for shorter ISIs. Interestingly the reversal of the order of both stimuli changes not only the sign of the ISI but also the sign of the resulting LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Fl ...
the amygdala and reward
... cup). This analysis indicates that an intact ability to solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–respo ...
... cup). This analysis indicates that an intact ability to solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–respo ...
Zebrafish foxd3 is selectively required for neural crest specification
... numerous transcription factors, including foxd3, snail/slug, sox10 and tfap2a, that have critical roles in neural crest development (Gammill and Bronner-Fraser, 2003), but how these genes direct the subsequent specification of neural crest sublineages remains unclear. Foxd3 has been proposed to play ...
... numerous transcription factors, including foxd3, snail/slug, sox10 and tfap2a, that have critical roles in neural crest development (Gammill and Bronner-Fraser, 2003), but how these genes direct the subsequent specification of neural crest sublineages remains unclear. Foxd3 has been proposed to play ...
Gap Junctions in the Ventral Hippocampal-Medial
... Correspondence should be addressed to Elizabeth Gould, Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
... Correspondence should be addressed to Elizabeth Gould, Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
The response of cat visual cortex to flicker stimuli of variable frequency
... University Fribourg, Institute of Anatomy, 1, rue A. Gockel, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland 1Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany ...
... University Fribourg, Institute of Anatomy, 1, rue A. Gockel, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland 1Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... frequencies in the range of 100-300Hz. For lower frequency oscillations, such as gamma (60Hz), we show that multiple, recurrently connected groups of neurons could encode not only the oscillation frequency but also a time lag between different sets of oscillations. These results have the potential t ...
... frequencies in the range of 100-300Hz. For lower frequency oscillations, such as gamma (60Hz), we show that multiple, recurrently connected groups of neurons could encode not only the oscillation frequency but also a time lag between different sets of oscillations. These results have the potential t ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... cup). This analysis indicates that an intact ability to solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–respo ...
... cup). This analysis indicates that an intact ability to solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–respo ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... processes such as axon pruning, elimination, and degeneration. In this review, we will focus on processes that occur on the scale of axons and dendrites but not on the scale of individual synapses. Additionally, we will focus on remodeling of connections that do not involve neuronal cell death. (Oth ...
... processes such as axon pruning, elimination, and degeneration. In this review, we will focus on processes that occur on the scale of axons and dendrites but not on the scale of individual synapses. Additionally, we will focus on remodeling of connections that do not involve neuronal cell death. (Oth ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
Task-dependent plasticity of spectrotemporal receptive fields in
... the research we will describe here was to investigate auditory cortical plasticity induced by tonal targets in spectral tasks, and to contrast their eVects in two distinct behavioral contexts: tone detection and two-tone discrimination. We shall also describe preliminary results of our studies of pl ...
... the research we will describe here was to investigate auditory cortical plasticity induced by tonal targets in spectral tasks, and to contrast their eVects in two distinct behavioral contexts: tone detection and two-tone discrimination. We shall also describe preliminary results of our studies of pl ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.