What in the brain tells us that this is pain - HAL
... targets could be defined only recently, using trans-synaptic viral transport from spinothalamic neurons in the cord (Dum et al 2009). Injection of herpes virus within dorsal horn laminae I, V and VII allowed the virus to be taken up by spinal cord neurons and transported rostrally to infect second-o ...
... targets could be defined only recently, using trans-synaptic viral transport from spinothalamic neurons in the cord (Dum et al 2009). Injection of herpes virus within dorsal horn laminae I, V and VII allowed the virus to be taken up by spinal cord neurons and transported rostrally to infect second-o ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... – Can also be the result of disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety or other psychiatric conditions. – Dependence on sleeping pills and shifts in the circadian rhythms can also result in insomnia. ...
... – Can also be the result of disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety or other psychiatric conditions. – Dependence on sleeping pills and shifts in the circadian rhythms can also result in insomnia. ...
The Structure of Pairwise Correlation in Mouse Primary Visual
... Perkel et al. (1967) to compute raw cross correlation; to account for differences in firing across the population, each CCG was divided into the geometric mean of the firing rates of the pair of cells. CCGs were further corrected by the jitter-correction method (Smith and Kohn 2008, Harrison and Geman ...
... Perkel et al. (1967) to compute raw cross correlation; to account for differences in firing across the population, each CCG was divided into the geometric mean of the firing rates of the pair of cells. CCGs were further corrected by the jitter-correction method (Smith and Kohn 2008, Harrison and Geman ...
Epilepsy - OMICS International
... to be dependable. Given that there is no reliable predictor just yet, patients with epilepsy are often unable to drive a car, work with heavy machinery, or be involved in certain activities that may risk their lives if they suddenly lose control. Since there are millions of patients with epilepsy, n ...
... to be dependable. Given that there is no reliable predictor just yet, patients with epilepsy are often unable to drive a car, work with heavy machinery, or be involved in certain activities that may risk their lives if they suddenly lose control. Since there are millions of patients with epilepsy, n ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... induced by TMS and that induced by finger movement both relative to sulcal anatomy and relative to standardized coordinates. A group SPI(z) (n ⫽ 11) was created for the finger-movement condition (vs. control), which showed a very robust response in the M1-hand region for finger movement. The group-mean ...
... induced by TMS and that induced by finger movement both relative to sulcal anatomy and relative to standardized coordinates. A group SPI(z) (n ⫽ 11) was created for the finger-movement condition (vs. control), which showed a very robust response in the M1-hand region for finger movement. The group-mean ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... Rick A. Adams • Stewart Shipp • Karl J. Friston ...
... Rick A. Adams • Stewart Shipp • Karl J. Friston ...
Human frequency-following response: representation of pitch
... that pitch-relevant neural activity is based on the temporal pattern of neural activity in the brainstem. In light of these earlier ¢ndings, it is postulated that the phase-locked activity underlying the FFR generation is also su⁄ciently dynamic to encode time-varying pitch of speech sounds. The spe ...
... that pitch-relevant neural activity is based on the temporal pattern of neural activity in the brainstem. In light of these earlier ¢ndings, it is postulated that the phase-locked activity underlying the FFR generation is also su⁄ciently dynamic to encode time-varying pitch of speech sounds. The spe ...
Brainstem (II)
... appear to contain biogenic amines – such cells number only in the thousands……many of the cells containing these transmitters are clustered together in a discrete region of the brain, the brainstem.” ‐‐ Nicholls et al., From Neuron To Brain ...
... appear to contain biogenic amines – such cells number only in the thousands……many of the cells containing these transmitters are clustered together in a discrete region of the brain, the brainstem.” ‐‐ Nicholls et al., From Neuron To Brain ...
Significance of the cranial neural crest
... which forms the appendicular skeleton, acts to attract muscle precursors from adjacent somites and subsequently directs their patterning into specific muscle types (Chevallier and Kieny, 1982; Francis-West et al., 2003). In the head, the neural crest is the prime source of skeletal tissue, and here t ...
... which forms the appendicular skeleton, acts to attract muscle precursors from adjacent somites and subsequently directs their patterning into specific muscle types (Chevallier and Kieny, 1982; Francis-West et al., 2003). In the head, the neural crest is the prime source of skeletal tissue, and here t ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... branches of motor axons are strongly excited by ACh and that the synaptic activation of these cells is enhanced by anticholinesterases and blocked by ACh antagonists ...
... branches of motor axons are strongly excited by ACh and that the synaptic activation of these cells is enhanced by anticholinesterases and blocked by ACh antagonists ...
Neurodynamical modeling of arbitrary visuomotor tasks
... are performed by similar brain networks and mechanisms. We emphasize that even the same brain region could play different roles in different tasks and thus drawing conclusions from the function of one brain region in one task to the function of that region in another task might not be valid. We take ...
... are performed by similar brain networks and mechanisms. We emphasize that even the same brain region could play different roles in different tasks and thus drawing conclusions from the function of one brain region in one task to the function of that region in another task might not be valid. We take ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... causes significant sharpening of orientation selectivity of V1 neurons compared to their feedforward LGN input. The mechanism of sharpening of orientation tuning is, as in the Troyer et al. (1998) model, broadly tuned inhibition. The big difference between this model and that of Troyer et al. (1998) ...
... causes significant sharpening of orientation selectivity of V1 neurons compared to their feedforward LGN input. The mechanism of sharpening of orientation tuning is, as in the Troyer et al. (1998) model, broadly tuned inhibition. The big difference between this model and that of Troyer et al. (1998) ...
Eye Movements - Center for Neural Science
... a critical challenge to effective vision. Evolutionary pressures have shaped the eye movement systems of all animals to meet this challenge in ways that are tailored to the visual structures and environmental needs of each species. In this chapter we will examine the neural and behavioral systems ve ...
... a critical challenge to effective vision. Evolutionary pressures have shaped the eye movement systems of all animals to meet this challenge in ways that are tailored to the visual structures and environmental needs of each species. In this chapter we will examine the neural and behavioral systems ve ...
Neurokinin B Signaling in the Female Rat: a Novel
... The Endocrine Society. Downloaded from press.endocrine.org by [${individualUser.displayName}] on 03 December 2014. at 23:01 For personal use only. No other uses without permission. . All rights reserved. ...
... The Endocrine Society. Downloaded from press.endocrine.org by [${individualUser.displayName}] on 03 December 2014. at 23:01 For personal use only. No other uses without permission. . All rights reserved. ...
Read Neuroglia
... classically there are three kinds of neuroglial cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes and microglial cells the population, chapter 5 nervous system at the end of this chapter - chapter 5 nervous system at the end of this chapter student will be able to a neuroglia of the pns completely surround axons an ...
... classically there are three kinds of neuroglial cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes and microglial cells the population, chapter 5 nervous system at the end of this chapter - chapter 5 nervous system at the end of this chapter student will be able to a neuroglia of the pns completely surround axons an ...
Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies
... In many instances, a decision between alternatives must also incorporate a rule for terminating the decision process, in effect stopping the deliberation and committing to a choice. A large body of theoretical and experimental work supports the idea that a single mechanism accounts for both the term ...
... In many instances, a decision between alternatives must also incorporate a rule for terminating the decision process, in effect stopping the deliberation and committing to a choice. A large body of theoretical and experimental work supports the idea that a single mechanism accounts for both the term ...
Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... We attempt to examine whether the brain may actually use the coding scheme based on the gamma process, which facilitates estimation of the parameters by their orthogonalization. The constancy of the firing irregularity can be the key evidence because it is essential for the coding scheme. We use Neu ...
... We attempt to examine whether the brain may actually use the coding scheme based on the gamma process, which facilitates estimation of the parameters by their orthogonalization. The constancy of the firing irregularity can be the key evidence because it is essential for the coding scheme. We use Neu ...
Implied Motion Activation in Cortical Area MT Can Be
... one motion type by the other occurs at the level of MT. To address the above questions, we performed extracellular single and multiunit recordings in area MT of awake macaque monkeys while presenting the animal with pictures with and without implied motion as well as control stimuli for low-level vi ...
... one motion type by the other occurs at the level of MT. To address the above questions, we performed extracellular single and multiunit recordings in area MT of awake macaque monkeys while presenting the animal with pictures with and without implied motion as well as control stimuli for low-level vi ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... readout stage. We propose a novel neural readout circuit based on wavelet transform that decodes the TPC over different frequency bands. We show that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual inpu ...
... readout stage. We propose a novel neural readout circuit based on wavelet transform that decodes the TPC over different frequency bands. We show that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual inpu ...
Comparing the Functional Representations of Central and Border
... poststimulus onset was divided by 500 msec of prestimulus IS activity occurring immediately before stimulus onset. After the ratio values were processed with a Gaussian filter (half-width of 5), the areal extent of the f unctional representation was quantified by thresholding at three levels above p ...
... poststimulus onset was divided by 500 msec of prestimulus IS activity occurring immediately before stimulus onset. After the ratio values were processed with a Gaussian filter (half-width of 5), the areal extent of the f unctional representation was quantified by thresholding at three levels above p ...
Stephen Hawking
... “overcome” his disability through the use of technology. Hawking can no longer speak, but has special computers to allow him to communicate with the world. ...
... “overcome” his disability through the use of technology. Hawking can no longer speak, but has special computers to allow him to communicate with the world. ...
1 - BrainMaster
... and memory, and aging. A considerable number of papers on the mechanism of adult neurogenesis or linking this process to various physiological and pathological events are published monthly. Most recent popular textbooks in the neurosciences also provide ample coverage of basic principles of adult ne ...
... and memory, and aging. A considerable number of papers on the mechanism of adult neurogenesis or linking this process to various physiological and pathological events are published monthly. Most recent popular textbooks in the neurosciences also provide ample coverage of basic principles of adult ne ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... cerebral cortex, have both clarified the routes for BG involvement in motor control and solidified a role for these structures in nonmotor function. The aim of this introductory chapter is twofold. First, it illustrates BG connections, primarily those with the cerebral cortex, in relation to their ...
... cerebral cortex, have both clarified the routes for BG involvement in motor control and solidified a role for these structures in nonmotor function. The aim of this introductory chapter is twofold. First, it illustrates BG connections, primarily those with the cerebral cortex, in relation to their ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.