The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... atypical parkinsonism • Cells in PPN were more bursty, less oscillatory and had a lower firing rate than cells dorsal to it • Responses to passive movement and eye opening, dorsal to, ventral to, and within PPN • Describe LFP recordings in one patient above and within PPN – LFP spectrum chan ...
... atypical parkinsonism • Cells in PPN were more bursty, less oscillatory and had a lower firing rate than cells dorsal to it • Responses to passive movement and eye opening, dorsal to, ventral to, and within PPN • Describe LFP recordings in one patient above and within PPN – LFP spectrum chan ...
Estrogenic influences in pain processing Linköping University Post Print
... locations in the brain. This enables the activation of non-genomic responses regionally, thereby avoiding the need for high estrogen concentrations systemically, concentrations that could cause severe adverse effects on non-neural tissue (Cornil et al., 2006). The regulation of lordosis behavior (Mi ...
... locations in the brain. This enables the activation of non-genomic responses regionally, thereby avoiding the need for high estrogen concentrations systemically, concentrations that could cause severe adverse effects on non-neural tissue (Cornil et al., 2006). The regulation of lordosis behavior (Mi ...
Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... et al. (2000) showed that the relative contribution of temporal interactions between neurons increases with the number of whiskers to be discriminated. Inhibitory intercolumnar interactions have also been suggested to maintain a dynamic range and prevent response saturation (Mirabella et al. 2001). ...
... et al. (2000) showed that the relative contribution of temporal interactions between neurons increases with the number of whiskers to be discriminated. Inhibitory intercolumnar interactions have also been suggested to maintain a dynamic range and prevent response saturation (Mirabella et al. 2001). ...
Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory at the AIS?
... are excitatory (reviewed by Ben‐Ari, 2002). Indeed recent work has suggested that GABAergic inputs to the AIS are actually depolarising and excitatory, even in mature systems, due to a high level of chloride intracellularly at the AIS. Szabadics and colleagues (2006) showed that the reversal pote ...
... are excitatory (reviewed by Ben‐Ari, 2002). Indeed recent work has suggested that GABAergic inputs to the AIS are actually depolarising and excitatory, even in mature systems, due to a high level of chloride intracellularly at the AIS. Szabadics and colleagues (2006) showed that the reversal pote ...
Persistent perceptual delay for head movement onset
... The vestibular system is essential for maintaining postural stability and coordinating self-motion to navigate the environment. It does so by monitoring changes in head movement, as well as detecting the position and orientation of the head in space relative to gravity. The vestibular system is cons ...
... The vestibular system is essential for maintaining postural stability and coordinating self-motion to navigate the environment. It does so by monitoring changes in head movement, as well as detecting the position and orientation of the head in space relative to gravity. The vestibular system is cons ...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
... Figure 3.4 The sodium and potassium gradients for a resting membrane. Sodium ions are concentrated outside the neuron; potassium ions are concentrated inside. Because of the negatively charged protein ions inside the neuron, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside of the ...
... Figure 3.4 The sodium and potassium gradients for a resting membrane. Sodium ions are concentrated outside the neuron; potassium ions are concentrated inside. Because of the negatively charged protein ions inside the neuron, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside of the ...
Sample
... a) agonist b) antagonist c) neuromodulator d) receptor ANS: D, p. 47-48, F, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 37. Reuptake refers to ________. a) an area where neurotransmitters or neuromodulators attach themselves b) the process by which the surplus neurotransmitters are reabsorbed ba ...
... a) agonist b) antagonist c) neuromodulator d) receptor ANS: D, p. 47-48, F, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 37. Reuptake refers to ________. a) an area where neurotransmitters or neuromodulators attach themselves b) the process by which the surplus neurotransmitters are reabsorbed ba ...
as a PDF
... osmotic pressure or the sodium concentration of plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). It should be pointed out that equiosmolar NaCl hypertonic solution is a more effective stimulus than nonsaline hypertonic solutions (345). Lesions in the region of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle ...
... osmotic pressure or the sodium concentration of plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). It should be pointed out that equiosmolar NaCl hypertonic solution is a more effective stimulus than nonsaline hypertonic solutions (345). Lesions in the region of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
... studies have investigated PE encoding during reward learning in depression. These studies found enhanced PE-signals in the VTA and prefrontal areas (Steele et al., 2004; Kumar et al., 2008; Gradin et al., 2011), but also marked reductions in reward-related PE-signal encoding over time in striatal st ...
... studies have investigated PE encoding during reward learning in depression. These studies found enhanced PE-signals in the VTA and prefrontal areas (Steele et al., 2004; Kumar et al., 2008; Gradin et al., 2011), but also marked reductions in reward-related PE-signal encoding over time in striatal st ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Or ...
... A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Or ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... In positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging studies in humans, Zatorre et al. (1992) and Zald & Pardo (1997) showed that the orbitofrontal cortex can be activated by odours such as vanilla and H2S. Another PET study found that the perception, discrimination and recognition of odours activate ...
... In positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging studies in humans, Zatorre et al. (1992) and Zald & Pardo (1997) showed that the orbitofrontal cortex can be activated by odours such as vanilla and H2S. Another PET study found that the perception, discrimination and recognition of odours activate ...
IL-10 Alters Immunoproteostasis in APP Mice, Increasing Plaque
... Altered central nervous system (CNS) proteostasis, characterized by accumulation of extracellular or intracellular proteinaceous deposits, is thought to be a key trigger of many neurodegenerative disorders (Golde et al., 2013). There is considerable evidence that various assemblies of the aggregated ...
... Altered central nervous system (CNS) proteostasis, characterized by accumulation of extracellular or intracellular proteinaceous deposits, is thought to be a key trigger of many neurodegenerative disorders (Golde et al., 2013). There is considerable evidence that various assemblies of the aggregated ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... coordinate, and execute the motor programs responsible for purposeful movement. In this part of the book we shall learn how the motor systems of the brain and spinal cord allow us to maintain balance and posture, to move our body, limbs, and eyes, and to communicate through speech and gesture. In co ...
... coordinate, and execute the motor programs responsible for purposeful movement. In this part of the book we shall learn how the motor systems of the brain and spinal cord allow us to maintain balance and posture, to move our body, limbs, and eyes, and to communicate through speech and gesture. In co ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... the GluA1 subunit of AMPA receptors, cells were live labeled with the anti-GluA1 antibody for 20 min at 37°C and then washed in 1⫻ DMEM. Cells were then fixed for 10 min with 4% paraformaldehyde/4% sucrose at room temperature. Surface GluA1 receptors were labeled with an appropriate DyLight-conjugat ...
... the GluA1 subunit of AMPA receptors, cells were live labeled with the anti-GluA1 antibody for 20 min at 37°C and then washed in 1⫻ DMEM. Cells were then fixed for 10 min with 4% paraformaldehyde/4% sucrose at room temperature. Surface GluA1 receptors were labeled with an appropriate DyLight-conjugat ...
download file
... The brain is constantly changing throughout every stage of life. It reorganizes continuously to adapt to environmental demands or endogenous changes (such as peripheral lesions). The plasticity of the nervous system has been refined over millions of years and expression of neural plasticity leads to ...
... The brain is constantly changing throughout every stage of life. It reorganizes continuously to adapt to environmental demands or endogenous changes (such as peripheral lesions). The plasticity of the nervous system has been refined over millions of years and expression of neural plasticity leads to ...
... Although it is well established that apoptotic mechanisms play a central role in neuronal death after different types of CNS damage, little is known about the activation of apoptotic pathways in glial cells which have been postulated to be important for the termination of the glial response. It is r ...
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide
... an immunosuppressive signalling pathway, although binding to PAC1 also involves intracellular calcium increase, phospholipase D, and protein kinase C signalling [8-10]. VIP IN NORMAL ADULT BRAIN PHYSIOLOGY VIP and its receptors are widely expressed in numerous brain regions [3] (Fig. 1), suggesting ...
... an immunosuppressive signalling pathway, although binding to PAC1 also involves intracellular calcium increase, phospholipase D, and protein kinase C signalling [8-10]. VIP IN NORMAL ADULT BRAIN PHYSIOLOGY VIP and its receptors are widely expressed in numerous brain regions [3] (Fig. 1), suggesting ...
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
... less than an order of magnitude (Markov et al. 2011). The latter study also identified many newly found projections (NFP), especially with areas outside the classical visual system. Here, we apply similar sampling procedures and statistical methods in an analysis of connectivity profiles for 29 cortic ...
... less than an order of magnitude (Markov et al. 2011). The latter study also identified many newly found projections (NFP), especially with areas outside the classical visual system. Here, we apply similar sampling procedures and statistical methods in an analysis of connectivity profiles for 29 cortic ...
Activity dynamics and behavioral correlates of CA3 and CA1
... animals were trained to seek out water rewards at the end of each arm. Equal amounts of water (20 ll) were added in all water wells regularly ( every 30 s) so that those wells that had not been visited for longer periods of time accumulated more water (Royer et al., 2010). This approach ensured tha ...
... animals were trained to seek out water rewards at the end of each arm. Equal amounts of water (20 ll) were added in all water wells regularly ( every 30 s) so that those wells that had not been visited for longer periods of time accumulated more water (Royer et al., 2010). This approach ensured tha ...
Investigating Anatomical and Molecular Aspects of
... receptors located in skeletal muscle, and these proprioceptive receptors are known as muscle spindles (MS) and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs). This thesis focuses on anatomical and molecular characterization of sensory afferents innervating these peripheral receptors. In many ways, PSNs are similar; how ...
... receptors located in skeletal muscle, and these proprioceptive receptors are known as muscle spindles (MS) and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs). This thesis focuses on anatomical and molecular characterization of sensory afferents innervating these peripheral receptors. In many ways, PSNs are similar; how ...
Organization of the Olfactory and Respiratory Skeleton in the Nose
... This study is based on a growth series of Monodelphis domestica specimens of precisely documented ages commissioned from the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, TX (e.g., VandeBerg, 1990) for the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory of the Texas Memorial Museum (TMM). The coll ...
... This study is based on a growth series of Monodelphis domestica specimens of precisely documented ages commissioned from the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, TX (e.g., VandeBerg, 1990) for the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory of the Texas Memorial Museum (TMM). The coll ...
1 OSCILLATORY ENTRAINMENT OF THALAMIC NEURONS BY
... rpointelectrode corresponds to the point on the electrode closest to the source, i.e. the edges of the ...
... rpointelectrode corresponds to the point on the electrode closest to the source, i.e. the edges of the ...
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of
... NGF-like molecules, each specific for different but overlapping populations of neurons. Other members of this NGF family of factors, or neurotrophins, now include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)-3, NT-4/5, and NT-6 (213, 215). In addition to their traditional role as surv ...
... NGF-like molecules, each specific for different but overlapping populations of neurons. Other members of this NGF family of factors, or neurotrophins, now include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)-3, NT-4/5, and NT-6 (213, 215). In addition to their traditional role as surv ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... Remarkably, the effects of afferents in maintaining dendritic form are often spatially localized to the sites of their contacts with the postsynaptic dendrite. This is most clearly evident in a series of elegant experiments in which afferents to the ventral dendrites of neurons in the nucleus lamina ...
... Remarkably, the effects of afferents in maintaining dendritic form are often spatially localized to the sites of their contacts with the postsynaptic dendrite. This is most clearly evident in a series of elegant experiments in which afferents to the ventral dendrites of neurons in the nucleus lamina ...
Receptors in lateral hypothalamic area involved in - AJP
... IC efferent synapses within the IC. In both this study and the cobaltous chloride experiments (11), inhibition of the response was rarely complete. This suggests that the connections between IC autonomic efferents and LHA neurons may be relatively diffusely distributed within this region. This postu ...
... IC efferent synapses within the IC. In both this study and the cobaltous chloride experiments (11), inhibition of the response was rarely complete. This suggests that the connections between IC autonomic efferents and LHA neurons may be relatively diffusely distributed within this region. This postu ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.