Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... how such behaviour depends on the choice set, has long been of interest in economics. Block and Marschak (1960) first laid out a necessary regularity condition for the existence of a random utility representation, under which the probability of choosing an alternative must not increase as more alter ...
... how such behaviour depends on the choice set, has long been of interest in economics. Block and Marschak (1960) first laid out a necessary regularity condition for the existence of a random utility representation, under which the probability of choosing an alternative must not increase as more alter ...
Loss of MECP2 leads to telomere dysfunction and
... that 5hmC levels appear to be disturbed in MECP2 null hiPSCs, we sought to determine ...
... that 5hmC levels appear to be disturbed in MECP2 null hiPSCs, we sought to determine ...
Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and
... different regions of the primary motor cortex (Holsapple and Strick, 1991) and the parietal lobe (see Dum and Strick, 1993 for references). In addition, the CMAv (and CMAr), but not the CMAd is interconnected with the prefrontal cortex (Lu et al., 1994; see also Bates and Goldman-Rakic, 1993). These ...
... different regions of the primary motor cortex (Holsapple and Strick, 1991) and the parietal lobe (see Dum and Strick, 1993 for references). In addition, the CMAv (and CMAr), but not the CMAd is interconnected with the prefrontal cortex (Lu et al., 1994; see also Bates and Goldman-Rakic, 1993). These ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus
... (a) Amplitude scan. Gray eye movement trace: visual saccade into movement field center; black: saccade evoked by microstimulation at 20 "A (500 Hz; cathodic pulses). Inset right: number of spikes (with sd) as function of amplitude. (b) Direction scan through the movement field, with eye velocity tra ...
... (a) Amplitude scan. Gray eye movement trace: visual saccade into movement field center; black: saccade evoked by microstimulation at 20 "A (500 Hz; cathodic pulses). Inset right: number of spikes (with sd) as function of amplitude. (b) Direction scan through the movement field, with eye velocity tra ...
PDF reprint - UC Davis Mathematics
... electrical coupling alone or inhibition alone is better at enhancing neural synchrony than a combination of electrical and inhibitory coupling. We also show that these results extend to moderate coupling strengths. Keywords: synchrony, electrical coupling, gap junctions, inhibition ...
... electrical coupling alone or inhibition alone is better at enhancing neural synchrony than a combination of electrical and inhibitory coupling. We also show that these results extend to moderate coupling strengths. Keywords: synchrony, electrical coupling, gap junctions, inhibition ...
A review of alpha activity in integrative brain function: Fundamental
... of brain oscillations (Gray and Singer, 1989; Freeman, 1975). Further to the work of Mountcastle (1992, 1998), Bullock et al. (2005) and Bullock (2006) discussed recent evidence suggesting that the neuron doctrine, conceived nearly a century ago by Ramon y Cajal, cannot encompass important aspects o ...
... of brain oscillations (Gray and Singer, 1989; Freeman, 1975). Further to the work of Mountcastle (1992, 1998), Bullock et al. (2005) and Bullock (2006) discussed recent evidence suggesting that the neuron doctrine, conceived nearly a century ago by Ramon y Cajal, cannot encompass important aspects o ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... The work in this thesis concerns mechanisms of excitability of neurons. Specifically, it deals with how neurons respond to input, and how their response is controlled by ion channels and other active components of the neuron. I have studied excitability in two systems of the nervous system, the hipp ...
... The work in this thesis concerns mechanisms of excitability of neurons. Specifically, it deals with how neurons respond to input, and how their response is controlled by ion channels and other active components of the neuron. I have studied excitability in two systems of the nervous system, the hipp ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... respiration as well as heart rate indicate a behaviourally aroused state, whereas high voltage slow waves in the EEG and significantly reduced muscle tone along with reduced respiration and heart rate are characteristic of deep sleep state. On the basis of co-expression of such behavioural features ...
... respiration as well as heart rate indicate a behaviourally aroused state, whereas high voltage slow waves in the EEG and significantly reduced muscle tone along with reduced respiration and heart rate are characteristic of deep sleep state. On the basis of co-expression of such behavioural features ...
Coexposure of Neonatal Mice to a Flame
... the mouse had eaten all eight food rewards. To perform well at this task, the mice had to store information continuously about which arm(s) had already been visited during a particular trial and which had not (working-memory, storing trial-specific information). The behavioral measures recorded were ...
... the mouse had eaten all eight food rewards. To perform well at this task, the mice had to store information continuously about which arm(s) had already been visited during a particular trial and which had not (working-memory, storing trial-specific information). The behavioral measures recorded were ...
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Roles of the PI3
... NGF acting exclusively on distal axons. We first asked whether binding of NGF to receptors exclusively on distal axons regulates the activities of PI3-K and Akt in distal axons and/or cell bodies. For these experiments, NGF was removed from medium bathing distal axons for 24 hr. Then, distal axons w ...
... NGF acting exclusively on distal axons. We first asked whether binding of NGF to receptors exclusively on distal axons regulates the activities of PI3-K and Akt in distal axons and/or cell bodies. For these experiments, NGF was removed from medium bathing distal axons for 24 hr. Then, distal axons w ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... fluorescent protein that produces pH sensitive fluorescence changes during synaptic activity. They found that odours activate a distinct group of glomeruli. The activity of projection neurons was studied by Fiala et al (2002) using cameleon – a genetically encoded calcium sensor, to monitor odour ev ...
... fluorescent protein that produces pH sensitive fluorescence changes during synaptic activity. They found that odours activate a distinct group of glomeruli. The activity of projection neurons was studied by Fiala et al (2002) using cameleon – a genetically encoded calcium sensor, to monitor odour ev ...
Searle on Emergence
... of consciousness can be explained by the causal interactions between elements of the brain at the micro-level, but consciousness cannot itself be deduced or calculated …” (Searle [1992] 2002, 112, my emphasis). While the distinction between explanation and deduction may seem somewhat bizarre due to ...
... of consciousness can be explained by the causal interactions between elements of the brain at the micro-level, but consciousness cannot itself be deduced or calculated …” (Searle [1992] 2002, 112, my emphasis). While the distinction between explanation and deduction may seem somewhat bizarre due to ...
Paper
... cingulate and frontal agranular areas. In macaques, Pearson et al. (1982) and Tanne-Gariepy et al. (2002) examined claustrum afferents to lateral prefrontal areas, including areas 8, 9, 12, and 46, and to motor and premotor areas of frontal cortex. These studies showed that projections to area 46 we ...
... cingulate and frontal agranular areas. In macaques, Pearson et al. (1982) and Tanne-Gariepy et al. (2002) examined claustrum afferents to lateral prefrontal areas, including areas 8, 9, 12, and 46, and to motor and premotor areas of frontal cortex. These studies showed that projections to area 46 we ...
A forward genetic screen with a thalamocortical emx2
... Background: The dorsal thalamus acts as a gateway and modulator for information going to and from the cerebral cortex. This activity requires the formation of reciprocal topographic axon connections between thalamus and cortex. The axons grow along a complex multistep pathway, making sharp turns, cr ...
... Background: The dorsal thalamus acts as a gateway and modulator for information going to and from the cerebral cortex. This activity requires the formation of reciprocal topographic axon connections between thalamus and cortex. The axons grow along a complex multistep pathway, making sharp turns, cr ...
Synchronous vs. Conjunctive Binding: A False Dichotomy? Robert F. Hadley ()
... In what follows, I take it as a working hypothesis that for each set of neurons, whose joint activations reliably qualify as representing a given concept, C (whether C is a role or a filler), there does exist such a clique. Also, due to conditions (a) and (b), above, it follows that the activation o ...
... In what follows, I take it as a working hypothesis that for each set of neurons, whose joint activations reliably qualify as representing a given concept, C (whether C is a role or a filler), there does exist such a clique. Also, due to conditions (a) and (b), above, it follows that the activation o ...
Document
... THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The normal body must accomplish a gigantic and enormously complex job—keeping itself alive and healthy. Each one of its billions of cells performs some activity that is a part of this function. Control of the body’s billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide c ...
... THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The normal body must accomplish a gigantic and enormously complex job—keeping itself alive and healthy. Each one of its billions of cells performs some activity that is a part of this function. Control of the body’s billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide c ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — even during sustained attention, awareness can fluctuate (as during binocular rivalry61) or fail to isolate the target stimulus (as during perceptual crowding132). Early single-unit studies in the monkey yielded few reports of attentio ...
... attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — even during sustained attention, awareness can fluctuate (as during binocular rivalry61) or fail to isolate the target stimulus (as during perceptual crowding132). Early single-unit studies in the monkey yielded few reports of attentio ...
Wasp Voodoo Rituals, Venom-Cocktails, and the Zombification of Cockroach Hosts SYMPOSIUM Frederic Libersat
... these agarose pellets indicated that venom was injected into harder but not into softer pellets, suggesting that softer but not harder agarose pellets triggered the wasp’s sensory feedback necessary for injection of venom. These results demonstrate that mechanical cues are at least sufficient to ind ...
... these agarose pellets indicated that venom was injected into harder but not into softer pellets, suggesting that softer but not harder agarose pellets triggered the wasp’s sensory feedback necessary for injection of venom. These results demonstrate that mechanical cues are at least sufficient to ind ...
Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured
... organelle motility, neurons were labeled with the mitochondrial vital dye rhodamine 123 (0.2 µg/ml) for 30 minutes at 37°C, washed once with HBSS, then returned to culture medium for immediate observa tion. For fluorescent images, a 50 W mercury lamp and a 1.0 neutral density filter were used. For ph ...
... organelle motility, neurons were labeled with the mitochondrial vital dye rhodamine 123 (0.2 µg/ml) for 30 minutes at 37°C, washed once with HBSS, then returned to culture medium for immediate observa tion. For fluorescent images, a 50 W mercury lamp and a 1.0 neutral density filter were used. For ph ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... find out whether RS and commissural neurons act by premotor interneurons mediating reflex actions from group Ib tendon organ afferents (“Ib interneurons”) and group II muscle spindle afferents (“group II interneurons”), in which both Ib and group II reflex pathways play an important role in shaping ...
... find out whether RS and commissural neurons act by premotor interneurons mediating reflex actions from group Ib tendon organ afferents (“Ib interneurons”) and group II muscle spindle afferents (“group II interneurons”), in which both Ib and group II reflex pathways play an important role in shaping ...
The circadian visual system, 2005
... The Pickard et al. (1987) IGL lesion paper was one of the first to employ nonsaturating light stimuli to elicit circadian rhythm phase responses. The method eliminated ceiling effects caused by saturating light, providing a more accurate view of psychophysical sensitivity to light, rather than a sim ...
... The Pickard et al. (1987) IGL lesion paper was one of the first to employ nonsaturating light stimuli to elicit circadian rhythm phase responses. The method eliminated ceiling effects caused by saturating light, providing a more accurate view of psychophysical sensitivity to light, rather than a sim ...
Pain Take Home Messages
... 6. Longer training produces persistent placebo and nocebo effects a. Long lasting experience of reduction of pain upon placebo light signal (green) reduces pain perception even when the actual intensity of the stimulus is not decreased i. True for tactile or painful stimuli ii. Persistent placebo ef ...
... 6. Longer training produces persistent placebo and nocebo effects a. Long lasting experience of reduction of pain upon placebo light signal (green) reduces pain perception even when the actual intensity of the stimulus is not decreased i. True for tactile or painful stimuli ii. Persistent placebo ef ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent of, though modulated by, sensory inputs. In summary, there are ...
... sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent of, though modulated by, sensory inputs. In summary, there are ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent of, though modulated by, sensory inputs. In summary, there are ...
... sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent of, though modulated by, sensory inputs. In summary, there are ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.