Dense Core Vesicle Release: Controlling the Where as
... released, can be observed accumulating within the coelomocytes. The purpose of these cells remains unclear, but they provide a very useful tool for researchers to observe peptide release from cells. In the CaMKII mutants Hoover et al. (2014) observed an increased level of DCV release compared to th ...
... released, can be observed accumulating within the coelomocytes. The purpose of these cells remains unclear, but they provide a very useful tool for researchers to observe peptide release from cells. In the CaMKII mutants Hoover et al. (2014) observed an increased level of DCV release compared to th ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... the aggregated activity of single cells, so results from neuroimaging and single-unit studies should converge to reinforce a single, integrative theory. In practice, however, the portraits of the dACC painted by neuroimaging and single-unit studies, not to mention electroencephalographic and anatomi ...
... the aggregated activity of single cells, so results from neuroimaging and single-unit studies should converge to reinforce a single, integrative theory. In practice, however, the portraits of the dACC painted by neuroimaging and single-unit studies, not to mention electroencephalographic and anatomi ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike t ...
... intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike t ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Although the prominent cell bands seen in Nissl sections do not represent individual orientation columns, they ...
... columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Although the prominent cell bands seen in Nissl sections do not represent individual orientation columns, they ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... b. There are about 100 billion nerve cells in the adult brain. c. Some nerve cells are pruned away during the first few years of life. d. Our brain can generate new nerve cells. e. All of the above are correct. Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 42 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer ...
... b. There are about 100 billion nerve cells in the adult brain. c. Some nerve cells are pruned away during the first few years of life. d. Our brain can generate new nerve cells. e. All of the above are correct. Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 42 Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer ...
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA
... already described in the context of axonal regeneration as molecules that need to be inhibit in order to obtain optimal levels of axonal growth. In the case of Hsp40 its role is not as well established and should be further addressed. In this context, we are further exploiting its relevance during a ...
... already described in the context of axonal regeneration as molecules that need to be inhibit in order to obtain optimal levels of axonal growth. In the case of Hsp40 its role is not as well established and should be further addressed. In this context, we are further exploiting its relevance during a ...
K. Lutz, M. Widmer
... work revealed that unexpected presentation of a reward, acting as an unconditioned stimulus, leads to a phasic increase in dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. After classical conditioning of such a reward to a conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus elicits a ...
... work revealed that unexpected presentation of a reward, acting as an unconditioned stimulus, leads to a phasic increase in dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. After classical conditioning of such a reward to a conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus elicits a ...
Neurobiological mechanisms of puberty in higher primates
... anovulation. Thus, the pituitary±gonadal axis may be viewed as a slave to the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator, and this analogy should be borne in mind as the role of GnRH in initiating gonadarche is considered. Parenthetically, it should be noted that a second GnRH (GnRHII) is also found in the p ...
... anovulation. Thus, the pituitary±gonadal axis may be viewed as a slave to the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator, and this analogy should be borne in mind as the role of GnRH in initiating gonadarche is considered. Parenthetically, it should be noted that a second GnRH (GnRHII) is also found in the p ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... or developmental (or pathological) changes in synapse number – will initiate synaptic scaling, which then slowly modifies synaptic strengths until firing rates are restored. The timescale over which perturbations in firing are sensed and integrated, and the speed of the resulting homeostatic compen ...
... or developmental (or pathological) changes in synapse number – will initiate synaptic scaling, which then slowly modifies synaptic strengths until firing rates are restored. The timescale over which perturbations in firing are sensed and integrated, and the speed of the resulting homeostatic compen ...
Gastric Effects of Cholecystokinin and Its Interaction with Leptin on
... The NTS neuronal responses observed during pretrial or pretreatment (control) were compared with post-trial (washout) to confirm that brainstem neuronal activity returned to the control level after washout. Tachyphylaxis was tested by reapplying the test compound to the gastric compartment and obser ...
... The NTS neuronal responses observed during pretrial or pretreatment (control) were compared with post-trial (washout) to confirm that brainstem neuronal activity returned to the control level after washout. Tachyphylaxis was tested by reapplying the test compound to the gastric compartment and obser ...
Sample
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
Full Text - Anesth Pain Med
... while areas of decreased activation include the somatosensory cortex (67), nucleus cuneiformis (61), caudate (68) and putamen (68). However, these regions again do not appear to be specific to migraine and most are generally activated in functional imaging studies on pain and collectively are known ...
... while areas of decreased activation include the somatosensory cortex (67), nucleus cuneiformis (61), caudate (68) and putamen (68). However, these regions again do not appear to be specific to migraine and most are generally activated in functional imaging studies on pain and collectively are known ...
PDF - Fishell Lab
... cortex and the LGE. Notably, while Gsh2 is ultimately expressed in many developing structures of the ventral telencephalon, during early telencephalic development its expression is restricted to an area corresponding to the prospective LGE. In accordance with this, the most prominent effect of the l ...
... cortex and the LGE. Notably, while Gsh2 is ultimately expressed in many developing structures of the ventral telencephalon, during early telencephalic development its expression is restricted to an area corresponding to the prospective LGE. In accordance with this, the most prominent effect of the l ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
Functional Selectivity and Antidepressant Activity of Serotonin 1A
... Constitutive activity of 5-HT1A receptors has not been extensively examined. Constitutive activity of G-protein (Gαo) has been demonstrated in human 5-HT1A receptors stably expressed in transfected cell lines, as well as in the native rat 5-HT1A receptors in hippocampal membranes, as revealed by the ...
... Constitutive activity of 5-HT1A receptors has not been extensively examined. Constitutive activity of G-protein (Gαo) has been demonstrated in human 5-HT1A receptors stably expressed in transfected cell lines, as well as in the native rat 5-HT1A receptors in hippocampal membranes, as revealed by the ...
superior Medullary Velum
... interpeduncular fossa, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, cerebellar cortex, inferior colliculus, lingula and vermis is reported to be from the vermian artery originating from the posterior cerebral artery (25). We did not study the vascular anatomy and only fiber dissection and immunohistochemical analys ...
... interpeduncular fossa, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, cerebellar cortex, inferior colliculus, lingula and vermis is reported to be from the vermian artery originating from the posterior cerebral artery (25). We did not study the vascular anatomy and only fiber dissection and immunohistochemical analys ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... (fig. S2). To investigate how the state of the balance affects the neuron’s response properties, we presented a fixed stimulus sequence to the neuron (Fig. 2A) and compared the spiking response over 50 trials to the input rates of each signal. In the globally balanced state (Fig. 2B, top) in which i ...
... (fig. S2). To investigate how the state of the balance affects the neuron’s response properties, we presented a fixed stimulus sequence to the neuron (Fig. 2A) and compared the spiking response over 50 trials to the input rates of each signal. In the globally balanced state (Fig. 2B, top) in which i ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... Most of the physiological and behavioral effects of cannabinoids appear to be mediated by the CB1 receptor (Zimmer and others 1999), which is highly expressed and widely distributed in the brain (Herkenham and others 1991; Matsuda and others 1993; Glass and others 1997). In particular, high levels o ...
... Most of the physiological and behavioral effects of cannabinoids appear to be mediated by the CB1 receptor (Zimmer and others 1999), which is highly expressed and widely distributed in the brain (Herkenham and others 1991; Matsuda and others 1993; Glass and others 1997). In particular, high levels o ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
... knowledge from studies of different behaviors mediated by nicotine receptors in multiple brain circuits could provide points of convergence that will inform future therapeutic development for smoking cessation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue’. Ó 2013 El ...
... knowledge from studies of different behaviors mediated by nicotine receptors in multiple brain circuits could provide points of convergence that will inform future therapeutic development for smoking cessation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue’. Ó 2013 El ...
Control of echolocation pulses by neurons of the nucleus ambiguus
... 1977), the knowledge of the interconnection between the auditory and the vocalization system is of particular interest. To gain information about the central linkage between the two subsystems involved in echolocation, and to understand the central organization of the vocal motor control system in b ...
... 1977), the knowledge of the interconnection between the auditory and the vocalization system is of particular interest. To gain information about the central linkage between the two subsystems involved in echolocation, and to understand the central organization of the vocal motor control system in b ...
- The Human Brain
... Experimental studies in animals are faced primarly with the problem of whether or not those results can be attributed to man : neuroanatomy and certainly clinical behavior in man is rather specific . Furthermore, methodological problems render very controversial results : lesions made in one of the ...
... Experimental studies in animals are faced primarly with the problem of whether or not those results can be attributed to man : neuroanatomy and certainly clinical behavior in man is rather specific . Furthermore, methodological problems render very controversial results : lesions made in one of the ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... Raphe—Locus ceruleus—Basal forebrain—Acetylcholine—Norepi-nephrine. ...
... Raphe—Locus ceruleus—Basal forebrain—Acetylcholine—Norepi-nephrine. ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... humans holds a privileged position within the nervous system with regard to thought and reason. This view stems, in part, from the classic neurological literature which has provided evidence that the frontal cortex, and its anterior (prefrontal) component, in particular, has a role in cognitive proc ...
... humans holds a privileged position within the nervous system with regard to thought and reason. This view stems, in part, from the classic neurological literature which has provided evidence that the frontal cortex, and its anterior (prefrontal) component, in particular, has a role in cognitive proc ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... The results demonstrate that these interconnections provide the anatomical basis for the retrosplenial cortex’s role in processing and integrating information related to memory, learning, and emotional functions. Our recent data are based on studies using two anterograde tracers and two retrograde t ...
... The results demonstrate that these interconnections provide the anatomical basis for the retrosplenial cortex’s role in processing and integrating information related to memory, learning, and emotional functions. Our recent data are based on studies using two anterograde tracers and two retrograde t ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
... might contribute to computations that involve target selection, the online computational processing of dynamic auditory information, audiomotor processing and other computations that involve organization of the auditory scene (see REFS 42,43,51–54 for reviews of hierarchical processing of speech in ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.