1 2 Resp iratio n : Gly co lysis: TC A -cy cle
... PTS-sugars are superior to other sugar substrates in sustaining rapid growth. In other bacterial species other sugars can be transported by the PTS-system. The PTS-system is abundant in anaerobic as well as facultative bacteria. Strictly aerobic bacteria use predominantly hexokinase for phosphorylat ...
... PTS-sugars are superior to other sugar substrates in sustaining rapid growth. In other bacterial species other sugars can be transported by the PTS-system. The PTS-system is abundant in anaerobic as well as facultative bacteria. Strictly aerobic bacteria use predominantly hexokinase for phosphorylat ...
Integration of Metabolism
... biosynthesis of several compounds, including fatty acids and ribose sugar, which is an essential component of nucleotides. ...
... biosynthesis of several compounds, including fatty acids and ribose sugar, which is an essential component of nucleotides. ...
doc
... both glycogen and cellulose are made of repeating units of glucose however, glycogen is made of repeating alpha glucose joined by glycosidic linkages and has many branches of these chains. Cellulose is made of beta glucose monomers and as a result every other glucose is flipped upside down. The chai ...
... both glycogen and cellulose are made of repeating units of glucose however, glycogen is made of repeating alpha glucose joined by glycosidic linkages and has many branches of these chains. Cellulose is made of beta glucose monomers and as a result every other glucose is flipped upside down. The chai ...
Cells part 2 - fog.ccsf.edu
... • Overworked muscles can become anoxic • In low oxygen environments, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+ • Lactic acid causes great suffering ...
... • Overworked muscles can become anoxic • In low oxygen environments, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+ • Lactic acid causes great suffering ...
Macromolecules, Chemical Reactions & Enzymes
... A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. An enzyme is a catalyst for a biological chemical reaction—inside cells! Enzymes are very specific—one enzyme for one chemical reaction. ...
... A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. An enzyme is a catalyst for a biological chemical reaction—inside cells! Enzymes are very specific—one enzyme for one chemical reaction. ...
Electron Transport Chain _ETC
... transport chain, as electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, they lose much of their free energy. Part of this energy can be captured and stored by the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. The remainder of the free ...
... transport chain, as electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, they lose much of their free energy. Part of this energy can be captured and stored by the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. The remainder of the free ...
The Theme of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Glycolysis and Cellular
... This is our bonus game, but also the more important one, because we will convert the tokens from the citric acid cycle (NADH and FADH2) to tickets (ATP). This is where the bulk of ATP comes from in cellular respiration—not glycolysis or the citric acid cycle, but oxidative phosphorylation. If we bre ...
... This is our bonus game, but also the more important one, because we will convert the tokens from the citric acid cycle (NADH and FADH2) to tickets (ATP). This is where the bulk of ATP comes from in cellular respiration—not glycolysis or the citric acid cycle, but oxidative phosphorylation. If we bre ...
Document
... • Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Prosakaur, Citrate (IMViC) : – These four tests include an important series of determinations which are collectively called the IMViC reaction series – The IMViC reaction series allows the discrimination of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. ...
... • Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Prosakaur, Citrate (IMViC) : – These four tests include an important series of determinations which are collectively called the IMViC reaction series – The IMViC reaction series allows the discrimination of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. ...
Chemical Basis of Life (Chapter 2) Matter
... 2nd Law: In every energy transfer, some energy becomes heat and can NO longer do useful work. As energy is used more and more of it is converted to heat, heat is known as random molecular motion. Ex: When we breakdown Glucose, we transfer energy to a molecule called ATP; ATP is available for work (m ...
... 2nd Law: In every energy transfer, some energy becomes heat and can NO longer do useful work. As energy is used more and more of it is converted to heat, heat is known as random molecular motion. Ex: When we breakdown Glucose, we transfer energy to a molecule called ATP; ATP is available for work (m ...
Microbial physiology. Microbial metabolism. Enzymes. Nutrition
... compounds, carbon from CO2 4. Chemoheterotrophs —energy from chemical compounds, carbon from organic ...
... compounds, carbon from CO2 4. Chemoheterotrophs —energy from chemical compounds, carbon from organic ...
unit-review-key
... iii. A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which can also bind forming large polymers called Macromolecules. (macro = large ) b. Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis. During the formation of polymers, Water (H2O), is ...
... iii. A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which can also bind forming large polymers called Macromolecules. (macro = large ) b. Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis. During the formation of polymers, Water (H2O), is ...
Biology 20
... d) acts as the reactant. 3. After you have broken down your breakfast items into simpler products. The chemical reactions that result in the building of more complex molecules are referred to as reactions. a) anabolic; b) catabolic; c) dehydration; d) none of these. 4. Three or four of the following ...
... d) acts as the reactant. 3. After you have broken down your breakfast items into simpler products. The chemical reactions that result in the building of more complex molecules are referred to as reactions. a) anabolic; b) catabolic; c) dehydration; d) none of these. 4. Three or four of the following ...
Krebs cycle - Groby Bio Page
... 2 Idea that it is used to link reactions (1); idea that energy is released as a result of the activity of one enzyme and used by another enzyme (1). ...
... 2 Idea that it is used to link reactions (1); idea that energy is released as a result of the activity of one enzyme and used by another enzyme (1). ...
Practice photosynthesis/Respiration
... C) NAD+ , FAD, and electrons D) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water E) NADH, FADH2 , and electrons 33) Which of the following most accurately describes what is happening along this chain? A) Each electron carrier alternates between being reduced and being oxidized. B) Energy of the electrons increases ...
... C) NAD+ , FAD, and electrons D) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water E) NADH, FADH2 , and electrons 33) Which of the following most accurately describes what is happening along this chain? A) Each electron carrier alternates between being reduced and being oxidized. B) Energy of the electrons increases ...
Respiration: ATP - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges
... bisphosphate. This phosphorylation converts an energy-rich but unreactive molecule into one that is much more reactive, the chemical potential energy of which can be trapped more efficiently. • The hexose bisphosphate is split into two triose phosphate molecules. • Hydrogen atoms and phosphate gro ...
... bisphosphate. This phosphorylation converts an energy-rich but unreactive molecule into one that is much more reactive, the chemical potential energy of which can be trapped more efficiently. • The hexose bisphosphate is split into two triose phosphate molecules. • Hydrogen atoms and phosphate gro ...
Chapter 2 - SCHOOLinSITES
... – Substrate binds to enzyme at active site – Enzymes act on substrates to reduce energy needed to make product – Substrate is changed – Enzyme separates from products and can form an association with another substrate – Enzyme, as a catalyst is not used up in the reaction – Increases reaction rate ...
... – Substrate binds to enzyme at active site – Enzymes act on substrates to reduce energy needed to make product – Substrate is changed – Enzyme separates from products and can form an association with another substrate – Enzyme, as a catalyst is not used up in the reaction – Increases reaction rate ...
Ch1_2
... Introduction • A B C D E F Products • Whenever the overall chemical process of a metabolic pathway has to be reversed, the reverse pathway is not exactly the same as the forward pathway-some of the reactions are different in the two directions. ...
... Introduction • A B C D E F Products • Whenever the overall chemical process of a metabolic pathway has to be reversed, the reverse pathway is not exactly the same as the forward pathway-some of the reactions are different in the two directions. ...
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
... It is thought that, in order for an enzyme to affect the rate of a reaction, the following events must take place. 1. The enzyme must form a temporary association with the substance or substances whose reaction rate it affects. These substances are known as substrates. 2. The association between en ...
... It is thought that, in order for an enzyme to affect the rate of a reaction, the following events must take place. 1. The enzyme must form a temporary association with the substance or substances whose reaction rate it affects. These substances are known as substrates. 2. The association between en ...
The process of beta oxidation is named after the carbon atom in the
... the fatty acyl-CoA which becomes the most oxidized during the cyclic redox reactions that remove C2 units in form of acetyl-CoA from the fatty acyl chain. The beta carbon becomes the new carboxyl end of the shortened (n-2) fatty acyl-CoA. The oxidation steps are strictly analogous to the reaction st ...
... the fatty acyl-CoA which becomes the most oxidized during the cyclic redox reactions that remove C2 units in form of acetyl-CoA from the fatty acyl chain. The beta carbon becomes the new carboxyl end of the shortened (n-2) fatty acyl-CoA. The oxidation steps are strictly analogous to the reaction st ...
Cellular Respiration
... Each NADH & H+ converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH & H+). ...
... Each NADH & H+ converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH & H+). ...
Oxygen
... Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to electron acceptors, which produces a proton gradient Proton gradient used to drive synthesis of ATP. Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase allows H+ to flow across inner mitochondrial membrane down concentration gradient, which produces ATP. Ultimate acc ...
... Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to electron acceptors, which produces a proton gradient Proton gradient used to drive synthesis of ATP. Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase allows H+ to flow across inner mitochondrial membrane down concentration gradient, which produces ATP. Ultimate acc ...
Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Energy
... Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to electron acceptors, which produces a proton gradient Proton gradient used to drive synthesis of ATP. Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase allows H+ to flow across inner mitochondrial membrane down concentration gradient, which produces ATP. Ultimate acc ...
... Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to electron acceptors, which produces a proton gradient Proton gradient used to drive synthesis of ATP. Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase allows H+ to flow across inner mitochondrial membrane down concentration gradient, which produces ATP. Ultimate acc ...
BI0 120 cell and tissues
... fermentation is always A. ADP. B. ATP. C. NAD+. D. inorganic phosphate. E. pyruvate. ...
... fermentation is always A. ADP. B. ATP. C. NAD+. D. inorganic phosphate. E. pyruvate. ...
Document
... http://www.sabiosciences.com/pathwaymagazine/minireview/mitchondrial_energy_metabolism.php ...
... http://www.sabiosciences.com/pathwaymagazine/minireview/mitchondrial_energy_metabolism.php ...
Overview of Cellular Respiration
... The rst stage of cellular respiration is called Glycolysis and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. During glycolysis, 1 glucose molecule (with 6 carbon atoms) is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules (with three carbon atoms each). This is accompanied by the production of a few ATP molecules and t ...
... The rst stage of cellular respiration is called Glycolysis and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. During glycolysis, 1 glucose molecule (with 6 carbon atoms) is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules (with three carbon atoms each). This is accompanied by the production of a few ATP molecules and t ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑