Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis notes
... transport chain. If this occurs, NADH accumulates. This causes the krebs cycle and glycolosis to both stop. If this happens, the cells soon dies as no ATP is made. • Anaerobic respiration is a method cells use to escape this fate. The pathways in plants and animals, alcoholic and lactate fermentatio ...
... transport chain. If this occurs, NADH accumulates. This causes the krebs cycle and glycolosis to both stop. If this happens, the cells soon dies as no ATP is made. • Anaerobic respiration is a method cells use to escape this fate. The pathways in plants and animals, alcoholic and lactate fermentatio ...
cellresp - Otterville R
... Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Kreb ...
... Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Kreb ...
Biochemistry Test Review
... 4. Explain how functional groups allow organic molecules to be linked together. 5. Identify the sugars Glucose, Galactose and Fructose when the structure is given. 6. Be able to draw the ringed structure of glucose and show how two glucose units can join together to form maltose. Name the kind of re ...
... 4. Explain how functional groups allow organic molecules to be linked together. 5. Identify the sugars Glucose, Galactose and Fructose when the structure is given. 6. Be able to draw the ringed structure of glucose and show how two glucose units can join together to form maltose. Name the kind of re ...
Carbohydrates
... Galactose: a sugar found in milk. It is a mirror image of glucose These three molecules are isomers. They have the same chemical formula but very different structures. Because they have the same formula, they can be converted easily from one form to another. ...
... Galactose: a sugar found in milk. It is a mirror image of glucose These three molecules are isomers. They have the same chemical formula but very different structures. Because they have the same formula, they can be converted easily from one form to another. ...
Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
... • Glycolysis operates in the presence or absence of O2. • Under aerobic conditions, cellular respiration continues the breakdown process. ...
... • Glycolysis operates in the presence or absence of O2. • Under aerobic conditions, cellular respiration continues the breakdown process. ...
Cellular Respiration
... Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Kreb ...
... Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Kreb ...
Overview
... The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneously ...
... The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneously ...
File - Down the Rabbit Hole
... Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Slide 1
... Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Determines inherited characteristics Directs protein synthesis Controls enzyme production Controls metabolism ...
... Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Determines inherited characteristics Directs protein synthesis Controls enzyme production Controls metabolism ...
Cell Respiration Power Point
... The Purpose of Cellular Respiration It is to make and break bonds to generate ATP and electrons. You end up with ATP, H ions and electrons. The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase. ****Hydrogen ions are bonded with oxygen to make water ...
... The Purpose of Cellular Respiration It is to make and break bonds to generate ATP and electrons. You end up with ATP, H ions and electrons. The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase. ****Hydrogen ions are bonded with oxygen to make water ...
3.2 – Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins
... Cellulose - [plant] this is manufactured in cells and laid down externally, in bundles of fibres, as the main component of the cell walls Starch - [plant] this is a storage carbohydrate ...
... Cellulose - [plant] this is manufactured in cells and laid down externally, in bundles of fibres, as the main component of the cell walls Starch - [plant] this is a storage carbohydrate ...
October 26 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+ which allows H+ to ...
... Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+ which allows H+ to ...
05 Fermentations 2008
... • Higher product yield (less ATP → less biomass) (100 g ethanol / 250 g glucose) = 78% molar conv. eff ...
... • Higher product yield (less ATP → less biomass) (100 g ethanol / 250 g glucose) = 78% molar conv. eff ...
Chapter Twenty Three
... ► During exercise lactate produced in muscles under anaerobic conditions during exercise is sent to the liver, where it is converted back to glucose. Prentice Hall © 2007 ...
... ► During exercise lactate produced in muscles under anaerobic conditions during exercise is sent to the liver, where it is converted back to glucose. Prentice Hall © 2007 ...
Problem Set 8 Key
... gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation, oxidation, fatty acid synthesis) to increase or decrease when the ATP/ADP ratio is low? For each pathway, please justify why flux increases or decreases. What the ratio is high, there is an abundance of cellular energy; anabolic pathways ( ...
... gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation, oxidation, fatty acid synthesis) to increase or decrease when the ATP/ADP ratio is low? For each pathway, please justify why flux increases or decreases. What the ratio is high, there is an abundance of cellular energy; anabolic pathways ( ...
75. In yeast, if the electron transport system is shut down because of
... b) Most animal cells will carry on fermentation and produce lactic acid c) Most bacteria and yeasts carry on fermentation d) Two ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule e) Most animals will convert CO2 to glucose __ 73. ATP can be used to drive nonspontaneous reactions because a) nonspo ...
... b) Most animal cells will carry on fermentation and produce lactic acid c) Most bacteria and yeasts carry on fermentation d) Two ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule e) Most animals will convert CO2 to glucose __ 73. ATP can be used to drive nonspontaneous reactions because a) nonspo ...
Exercise 5
... Use orange atoms to represent phosphate groups; it is not necessary to have every single oxygen in the phosphate group represented. Go through the sequence of steps outlined on page 474 to reduce the glucose to two pyruvate molecules. Do not worry about ATP, ADP or NAD+ because what you are doing is ...
... Use orange atoms to represent phosphate groups; it is not necessary to have every single oxygen in the phosphate group represented. Go through the sequence of steps outlined on page 474 to reduce the glucose to two pyruvate molecules. Do not worry about ATP, ADP or NAD+ because what you are doing is ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (aka Hexose monophosphate shunt)
... • G6PD is the most regulated enzyme: inhibition by NADPH, expression is dependent on insulin thus it is only expressed at high glucose concentration • Since the non-oxidative pathway is reversible, the direction is dependent on the need of the cell for ATP / acetyl CoA (energy / fatty acid synthesis ...
... • G6PD is the most regulated enzyme: inhibition by NADPH, expression is dependent on insulin thus it is only expressed at high glucose concentration • Since the non-oxidative pathway is reversible, the direction is dependent on the need of the cell for ATP / acetyl CoA (energy / fatty acid synthesis ...
Pancreatic enzymes basics
... Similar to secretin and gastrin GIP and VIP Synthesis is from a preprohormone as well. Prohormone is split releasing it to the blood Very little in blood – short ½ life ½ removed in first pass through the liver. ...
... Similar to secretin and gastrin GIP and VIP Synthesis is from a preprohormone as well. Prohormone is split releasing it to the blood Very little in blood – short ½ life ½ removed in first pass through the liver. ...
3.7 Energy-Rich Compounds
... generated during exergonic reactions and consumed in endergonic reactions. From the structure of ATP (Figure 3.12), it can be seen that only two of the phosphate bonds (ATP S ADP + Pi and ADP S AMP + Pi) are phosphoanhydrides and thus have free energies of hydrolysis greater than - 30 kJ. By contras ...
... generated during exergonic reactions and consumed in endergonic reactions. From the structure of ATP (Figure 3.12), it can be seen that only two of the phosphate bonds (ATP S ADP + Pi and ADP S AMP + Pi) are phosphoanhydrides and thus have free energies of hydrolysis greater than - 30 kJ. By contras ...
pharmaceutical biochemistry
... universal central pathway of anaerob glucose catabolism. It takes place in the cytosol because the plasma membrane generally lacks transporters for phosphorylated sugars and so the intermediates cannot leave this compartment. Glycolysis could be divided to two parts: the breakdown of the sixcarbon g ...
... universal central pathway of anaerob glucose catabolism. It takes place in the cytosol because the plasma membrane generally lacks transporters for phosphorylated sugars and so the intermediates cannot leave this compartment. Glycolysis could be divided to two parts: the breakdown of the sixcarbon g ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑