"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial
... ALTERNATE PATHWAYS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM ...
... ALTERNATE PATHWAYS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM ...
Chapter 8
... Cellular Respiration—Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Citric Acid Cycle What energy molecules are produced in breaking down one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle? Two “turns” of the citric acid cycle produce: 2 ATP ...
... Cellular Respiration—Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Citric Acid Cycle What energy molecules are produced in breaking down one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle? Two “turns” of the citric acid cycle produce: 2 ATP ...
Electron Transport Chain
... • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and in the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... • A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and in the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
CHM 132 Spring 2011
... overeating will result in very quickly developing a chronic disease. 5. Foods that provide zero discretionary calories: a. are naturally low in fat and have no added fats or sugars. b. should be avoided when trying to lose weight. c. are more processed foods. d. are not as nutrient dense. 6. Chemica ...
... overeating will result in very quickly developing a chronic disease. 5. Foods that provide zero discretionary calories: a. are naturally low in fat and have no added fats or sugars. b. should be avoided when trying to lose weight. c. are more processed foods. d. are not as nutrient dense. 6. Chemica ...
The Formation of Pyruvate from Citric Acid
... not be a major end product of glutamine metabolism in vivo. The substrate for rabbit tubules was a-oxoglutarate ( 5 mM) as neither glutamine nor glutamate gave satisfactory rates of gluconeogenesis, possibly due to inhibition of rabbit renal glutamate dehydrogenase by ammonia (see Klahr, 1971). The ...
... not be a major end product of glutamine metabolism in vivo. The substrate for rabbit tubules was a-oxoglutarate ( 5 mM) as neither glutamine nor glutamate gave satisfactory rates of gluconeogenesis, possibly due to inhibition of rabbit renal glutamate dehydrogenase by ammonia (see Klahr, 1971). The ...
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... Net Result of the Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O 2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+ • Net oxidation of two carbons to CO2 • Equivalent to two carbons of acetyl-CoA • but NOT the exact same carbons ...
... Net Result of the Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O 2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+ • Net oxidation of two carbons to CO2 • Equivalent to two carbons of acetyl-CoA • but NOT the exact same carbons ...
Document
... Non-essential amino acids (NEAA) Usually added to basic media compositions Energy source, used in protein synthesis May reduce metabolic burden on cells Growth Factors and Hormones (e.g.: insulin) Stimulate glucose transport and utilisation Uptake of amino acids Maintenance of differenti ...
... Non-essential amino acids (NEAA) Usually added to basic media compositions Energy source, used in protein synthesis May reduce metabolic burden on cells Growth Factors and Hormones (e.g.: insulin) Stimulate glucose transport and utilisation Uptake of amino acids Maintenance of differenti ...
CH7Cellular-Respiration
... Efficiency of Cellular Respiration • In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to pyruvate during glycolysis, an anaerobic process. • Glycolysis results in 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is broken down. • In the 2nd stage, pyruvate EITHER passes through the ...
... Efficiency of Cellular Respiration • In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to pyruvate during glycolysis, an anaerobic process. • Glycolysis results in 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is broken down. • In the 2nd stage, pyruvate EITHER passes through the ...
9강 - KOCW
... Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruv ...
... Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruv ...
Sample Exam 1
... 2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of information flow in a control system? a. receptor → effector → control center b. control center → effector → receptor c. effector → receptor → control center d. receptor → control center → effector e. control center → receptor → effector 3. Which ...
... 2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of information flow in a control system? a. receptor → effector → control center b. control center → effector → receptor c. effector → receptor → control center d. receptor → control center → effector e. control center → receptor → effector 3. Which ...
doc BIOC 311 Final Study Guide
... homodimeric protein with both capabilities. It is also different in the liver, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. 3. In the liver: a. During a drop in blood glucose, glucagon is secrete from the pancreas. By interactions with a G-coupled receptor, adenylate cyclase raises [cAMP] levels inside the ...
... homodimeric protein with both capabilities. It is also different in the liver, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. 3. In the liver: a. During a drop in blood glucose, glucagon is secrete from the pancreas. By interactions with a G-coupled receptor, adenylate cyclase raises [cAMP] levels inside the ...
chapter-23
... c. Adenine bases contain resonance bonds between many C and N atoms. Three phosphate groups, containing four negative charges, produce high bond ...
... c. Adenine bases contain resonance bonds between many C and N atoms. Three phosphate groups, containing four negative charges, produce high bond ...
respiration-notes-co..
... You'll notice that we have now only got ATP, FADH2, and NADH as products (CO2 is exhaled). The organic glucose was broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate in glycolysis. Pyruvate was converted to acetyl CoA (with the net loss of ONE carbon in the form of carbon dioxide per pyruvate, a total of TWO ca ...
... You'll notice that we have now only got ATP, FADH2, and NADH as products (CO2 is exhaled). The organic glucose was broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate in glycolysis. Pyruvate was converted to acetyl CoA (with the net loss of ONE carbon in the form of carbon dioxide per pyruvate, a total of TWO ca ...
Cellular Respiration
... encodes for the CFTR transmembrane protein. This mutation can lead to many complications in humans such as thickening of mucus and frequent respiratory infections. Where is the CFTR protein synthesized? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. Golgi apparatus D. Nucleus E. Cytoplasm 20- In a research lab, you ar ...
... encodes for the CFTR transmembrane protein. This mutation can lead to many complications in humans such as thickening of mucus and frequent respiratory infections. Where is the CFTR protein synthesized? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. Golgi apparatus D. Nucleus E. Cytoplasm 20- In a research lab, you ar ...
Chapter 9 Notes
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 32 ATP • There are several reasons why the number of ATP is not known exactly © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 32 ATP • There are several reasons why the number of ATP is not known exactly © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
KATABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT
... Substrate-level phosphorylation results in a gain of one ATP per every turn of the cycle; it turns twice per glucose. During the citric acid cycle, the six carbon atoms in glucose become CO2. The transition reaction produces two CO2, and the citric acid cycle produces four CO2 per molecule of glucos ...
... Substrate-level phosphorylation results in a gain of one ATP per every turn of the cycle; it turns twice per glucose. During the citric acid cycle, the six carbon atoms in glucose become CO2. The transition reaction produces two CO2, and the citric acid cycle produces four CO2 per molecule of glucos ...
Respiration Cellular Respiration Understand the
... ■ Know the structure of ATP and how the P breaks off to get energy ● ATP > ADP + P ○ Know the overall equation for cellular respiration C6H12O6 +6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP’s ○ Anaerobic Respiration: breakdown without oxygen ■ Location: cytosol (cytoplasm) near mitochondria ■ Glucose > 2 Pyr ...
... ■ Know the structure of ATP and how the P breaks off to get energy ● ATP > ADP + P ○ Know the overall equation for cellular respiration C6H12O6 +6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP’s ○ Anaerobic Respiration: breakdown without oxygen ■ Location: cytosol (cytoplasm) near mitochondria ■ Glucose > 2 Pyr ...
Energy Pathways and Anaerobic Metabolism
... your body comes to a fork in the road… Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate O2 absent ...
... your body comes to a fork in the road… Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate O2 absent ...
Nutrition and Metabolism (Chap 4)
... Conversion of organic substrate molecules to end products by a metabolic pathway that releases sufficient energy for it to be coupled to the formation of ATP. Chemoorganotrophs have three options for generating ATP from organic molecules; the electron acceptor used differentiates these processes ...
... Conversion of organic substrate molecules to end products by a metabolic pathway that releases sufficient energy for it to be coupled to the formation of ATP. Chemoorganotrophs have three options for generating ATP from organic molecules; the electron acceptor used differentiates these processes ...
Biology I SB1bc Enzymes and Macromolecules Test Study Guide
... “Reusable” proteins that put together or break down substrates to form products 2. Since enzymes are proteins they are made of ……what? Amino acids joined by peptide bonds 3. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called? Activation Energy (EA) 4. How do enzymes increase the rate or speed ...
... “Reusable” proteins that put together or break down substrates to form products 2. Since enzymes are proteins they are made of ……what? Amino acids joined by peptide bonds 3. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called? Activation Energy (EA) 4. How do enzymes increase the rate or speed ...
Microbial Metabolism
... • ATP generated by substrate-level phosphorylation • Coupled with glycolysis and involve the anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate • Three important themes operating during microbial fermentation are: 1. NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ 2. Substrate is electron donor and a derivative of substrate is the ult ...
... • ATP generated by substrate-level phosphorylation • Coupled with glycolysis and involve the anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate • Three important themes operating during microbial fermentation are: 1. NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ 2. Substrate is electron donor and a derivative of substrate is the ult ...
Biology I SB1bc Enzymes and Macromolecules Test Study Guide
... “Reusable” proteins that put together or break down substrates to form products 2. Since enzymes are proteins they are made of ……what? Amino acids joined by peptide bonds 3. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called? Activation Energy (EA) 4. How do enzymes increase the rate or speed ...
... “Reusable” proteins that put together or break down substrates to form products 2. Since enzymes are proteins they are made of ……what? Amino acids joined by peptide bonds 3. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called? Activation Energy (EA) 4. How do enzymes increase the rate or speed ...
Molecules of Life Note Taking Guide
... 12. Name three common disaccharides and describe where they are commonly found. A. sucrose—glucose + fructose—sugar that is transported by plants—sugar cane B. maltose—glucose + glucose—sugar found in corn syrup, malt & germinating seeds C. lactose—glucose + galactose—sugar found in milk 13. Draw th ...
... 12. Name three common disaccharides and describe where they are commonly found. A. sucrose—glucose + fructose—sugar that is transported by plants—sugar cane B. maltose—glucose + glucose—sugar found in corn syrup, malt & germinating seeds C. lactose—glucose + galactose—sugar found in milk 13. Draw th ...
Slides
... mitochondria. Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl CoA molecules by shortening the fatty acid chain 2 carbons at a time. More energy is released when acetyl CoA is further metabolised in the Kreb’s Cycle ...
... mitochondria. Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl CoA molecules by shortening the fatty acid chain 2 carbons at a time. More energy is released when acetyl CoA is further metabolised in the Kreb’s Cycle ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑