Download Respiration Cellular Respiration Understand the

Respiration
● Cellular Respiration
○ Understand the relationship between glucose breakdown and ATP ­ when you burn glucose with the help of oxygen, it traps chemical energy into ATP
■ Energy found in glucose ­ stores potential energy in the C­C and C­H bonds
■ Know the structure of ATP and how the P breaks off to get energy
● ATP ­> ADP + P
○ Know the overall equation for cellular respiration ­ C6H12O6 +6O2 ­­­­> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP’s
○ Anaerobic Respiration: breakdown without oxygen
■ Location: cytosol (cytoplasm) near mitochondria
■ Glucose ­> 2 Pyruvates (invested 2 and produced 4 ­> Net gain: 2 ATP)
■ Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation­ no oxygen available so form lactic acid or ethanol respectively
○ Aerobic (“in air”) Respiration: breakdown with oxygen
■ Location: mitochondria
■ Know the basic events see sheet for details
○ Why is there an advantage for organisms that can use oxygen? They can break ATP down fully and produce a lot more energy in the form of ATP
● Orgasmic respiration
○ Nostrils ­> nasal passageways (filter, moisten, and warm air) ­> pharynx ­> epiglottis up ­> larynx ­> trachea ­> bronchi ­> bronchioles ­> alveoli
○ What is the function of cartilage and which of the above structures contain cartilage?
■ Cartilage ­ more flexible bone
■ Trachea has cartilage to prevent it from collapsing
■ Bronchioles lack cartilage ­ can collapse, called asthma
○ Ciliated mucus membrane
■ Function ­ hairs filter by trapping large particles, the inside warms the air, mucus moistens the air and catches more dust particles
■ Found in the nose, trachea
■ Thin moist membrane right up to the blood capillaries
■ Huge surface area to take O2 in and CO2 out
■ Oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and leave the leave the blood solely by diffusion
● C. Organismic Respiration­ Breathing in and out
○ The thorax is airtight—like a bel jar with balloons
○ You breathe in by pulling your diaphragm down and your rib cage up and out
■ This increases the volume (area of the thorax) and lowers the air pressure in there
■ Air rushes into your lungs because it is going from an area of greater pressure to an area of lesser inside the thorax
○ You breathe out by allowing your diaphragm to move back up to its curved position, and lowering your rib cage by relaxing your rib muscles.
■ This lowers the area in your thorax and raises the pressure in there
■ The air now rushes out from an area of greater pressure inside the thorax to a lesser pressure outside of the body
II. Nervous System and Endocrine System
● Both are involved in helping to maintain homeostasis in the body through the life function regulation­ coordination and control of all the life activities
● Nervous System­ sends messages through neuron
● Endocrine System­ glands produce chemical hormones that are carried around the body by the blood
● Know the Definitions
○ stimulus: internal or external “message” to which we respond
○ response: how we react to a stimulus
Nervous System
● Neuron­ is a nerve cell and the functional unit of the nervous system.
● Structure of a Neuron
○ Cell body: main portion of the cell body; contains the nucleus (hexagon­ish figure at the top)
○ Dendrites: small branches that reach out to other neurons, coming out of the cell body
○ Axon: long shaft through which the stimulus travels ­ middle long thing
■ All axons are covered with a fatty myelin sheath to provide electrical insulation (covered with a fatty thing to keep the electrical stuff inside)
○ Terminal branches (axon terminals): branches of the axon at the end (look like dendrites but at the other end)
○ Synapse: small gap between neurons (they do not touch); impulse must “jump” the gap with the help of neurotransmitter
○ Neurotransmitter: chemical released by the terminal branch of the axon; the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and initiates an impulse to the next neuron
● Function
○ Message is sent as an electrochemical impulse through the neuron membrane
■ A neurotransmitter is released by synaptic vesicles at the terminal branches of an axon
■ Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and stimulates the next neuron to send the message forward. It does this by binding onto a protein receptor in the membrane of the next neuron changing the permeability of the membrane of the second neuron causing an electrochemical impulse to be sent.
● Synapse
○ Some neurotransmitters are inhibitory ­ stops you from doing something
○ Some neurotransmitters are stimulatory ­ makes you do something
○ Many drugs that affect the nervous system have their effect on the synapse
● Organization of the Nervous System
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Central Nervous System
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Brain­ organized mass of neurons that controls all functions of the body
● Cerebrum: at the top of the head, the “thinking” brain; responsible for all gross motor functions ­ (thinking, learning, and reasoning)
● Cerebellum: at the bottom of the head, responsible for the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of balance
● Medulla: also called the brainstem ­ responsible for maintaining the functions such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, peristalsis and other involuntary activities
■ Spinal cord: nerve bundle that attaches entire body to the brain; protected by the spinal column
○ Peripheral Nervous System
■ o Sensory neurons
■ o Motor neurons ● Somatic neurons­ voluntary muscles
● Autonomic Neurons­ involuntary muscles and glands Endocrine System
● Endocrine system has a similar job, but uses chemicals to “communicate”. These chemicals are known as hormones.
● Hormones ­ chemical messengers within the body that influence the activities of the body and alter the homeostasis process
○ Hormones affect receptors in the cell membrane or in the cell
○ Target cells ­ a cell has a receptor for a particular hormone, so the hormone knows where to go
● Know the chart­ you do not need to know all the glands but be familiar with the kinds of body functions that they affect.
● Endocrine gland­ releases hormone into the blood, which carries it around the body to the target organ.
○ Pancreas­ Islets of Langerhans
■ Alpha ­ secretes glucagon
● Glucagon: increases glucose level in the blood by stimulating liver to convert glycogen to glucose
■ Beta ­ secretes insulin
● Insulin: 2 basic roles ­
○ serves as a mechanism for controlling blood sugar
■ By having glucose STORED in the liver or the muscle cells
■ Facilitating movement of glucose to all cells
■ Facilitating glucose utilization by cells
○ Feedback mechanism for regulating levels of digestive hormones
■ Diabetes Mellitus
● Type 1 ­ immune system destroys beta cells so it can’t produce insulin ­ glucose cannot be stored in glycogen so there is a lot of ●
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glucose in blood and urine ­ solve by injecting insulin and following a diet
● Type 2 ­ low production of insulin, but cells do not respond to insulin ­ control with diet and exercise
■ Glucagon and Insulin serve opposite functions in order to maintain homeostasis and therefore are released at different times. Both are involved to make sure the blood glucose level is at homeostasis.
Adrenal medulla gland
○ Produce the “fight or flight” hormone known as adrenaline
■ Prepares you to run away or fight danger
■ Increases your heart rate and breathing rate
Thyroid gland
○ Produces the thyroid hormone thyroxine ­ controls metabolism
■ Control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy
■ Essential for normal physical and mental development.
Negative and Positive Feedback Control
Hormone production is self regulated
○ Positive feedback­ a response is initiated by a stimulus
○ Negative Feedback­ the output of a pathway inhibits inputs to the pathway.
■ Example: pituitary gland releases a hormone called TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) which causes the thyroid to produce thyroxin
■ Once the thyroxin level in the blood reaches a certain level, the thyroxin causes inhibition of the pituitary’s production of TSH. The high thyroxin level causes its own “shutoff”. This way homeostasis is maintained.
● Analogy: Thermostat. When the furnace produces enough heat to elevate temperature above the set point of the thermostat, the thermostat is triggered and shuts off the furnace (heat is feeding back negatively on the source of heat). When temperature drops back below the set point, negative feedback is gone, and the furnace comes back on.
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Comparison of Nervous System and Endocrine System
Similarities:
○ Both bring responses to target organs
○ Both ultimately work through chemicals (neurotransmitter or hormone)
Differences:
○ Nerve responses are a lot faster
Endocrine responses tend to have a longer and more widespread effect (not affecting one cell but a number of cells or organs)
● Use your class notes as a guide for what you should focus on reading in the textbook. Your textbook does have topics that we did not cover in as much detail. Therefore, use your notes as a guide and a book as a reference to your notes.
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Readings from textbook:
Respiration
Cell Respiration Chemical reactions involved Fermentation Human Respiratory System Nervous System
Neurons and synapse Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Senses Endocrine System
Function of glands Human Endocrine Glands Control of Endocrine System pages 250­252
pages 252­ 259
pages 262­265 pages 963­969
pages 896­900
pages 901­904
pages 906­908
pages 909­913
pages 978­981
pages 981­985
pages 985­987