Krebs cycle
... Two carbon atoms enter the cycle in the form of acetyl CoA. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 . Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions (three molecules of NAD+ one molecule of FAD are reduced). One molecule of GTP, is formed. Two molecule ...
... Two carbon atoms enter the cycle in the form of acetyl CoA. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 . Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions (three molecules of NAD+ one molecule of FAD are reduced). One molecule of GTP, is formed. Two molecule ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Step 2 and Step 3, NADH and Pyruvate – Each of the G3P go through a series of chemical reactions • Converted into Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) ...
... • Step 2 and Step 3, NADH and Pyruvate – Each of the G3P go through a series of chemical reactions • Converted into Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) ...
lec33_2013 - Andrew.cmu.edu
... conformation of the β-subunits such that the Gibbs energy of the bound ADP + Pi becomes higher than the energy of ATP, thus ATP forms spontaneously from the bound ADP and Pi. The newly-formed ATP is released with the transport of three additional protons. The actual synthesis, or formation of th ...
... conformation of the β-subunits such that the Gibbs energy of the bound ADP + Pi becomes higher than the energy of ATP, thus ATP forms spontaneously from the bound ADP and Pi. The newly-formed ATP is released with the transport of three additional protons. The actual synthesis, or formation of th ...
Ass3_ans - The University of Sydney
... The following information relates to questions 9 -18 (1 mark each). The oxidation of glucose is often summarised as the balanced equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 32 ADP + 32 P 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP Of course, this misses out all the juicy steps of glucose transport, glycolysis, PDH, Krebs cycle, electro ...
... The following information relates to questions 9 -18 (1 mark each). The oxidation of glucose is often summarised as the balanced equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 32 ADP + 32 P 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP Of course, this misses out all the juicy steps of glucose transport, glycolysis, PDH, Krebs cycle, electro ...
Ass3 - The University of Sydney
... The following information relates to questions 9 -18 (1 mark each). The oxidation of glucose is often summarised as the balanced equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 32 ADP + 32 P 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP Of course, this misses out all the juicy steps of glucose transport, glycolysis, PDH, Krebs cycle, electro ...
... The following information relates to questions 9 -18 (1 mark each). The oxidation of glucose is often summarised as the balanced equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 32 ADP + 32 P 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP Of course, this misses out all the juicy steps of glucose transport, glycolysis, PDH, Krebs cycle, electro ...
Exam I Sample Questions
... Sufficient energy must be added to break hydrogen bonding between neighboring water molecules before its state can change from liquid to gas Sufficient energy must be added to redistribute electrons from the oxygen molecule to the hydrogen molecules of the water molecules before its state can change ...
... Sufficient energy must be added to break hydrogen bonding between neighboring water molecules before its state can change from liquid to gas Sufficient energy must be added to redistribute electrons from the oxygen molecule to the hydrogen molecules of the water molecules before its state can change ...
MICR 201 Microbiology for Health Related Sciences
... ATP contains energy that can be easily released (highenergy or unstable energy bond) Required for anabolic reactions Produced by ...
... ATP contains energy that can be easily released (highenergy or unstable energy bond) Required for anabolic reactions Produced by ...
lecture 6, cellular respiration, 031709
... Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The process is anaerobic, that is, it does not use oxygen. Glycolysis breaks six-carbon glucose molecules into two, three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid. Two molecules of ATP are produced—pyruvic acid also donates two hig ...
... Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The process is anaerobic, that is, it does not use oxygen. Glycolysis breaks six-carbon glucose molecules into two, three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid. Two molecules of ATP are produced—pyruvic acid also donates two hig ...
Cellular Respiration
... – 2nd: phosphorylated glucose broken down into two C3 sugar phosphates – 3rd: the sugar phosphates are oxidized to yield electrons and H+ ions which are donated to 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH (stored electron and hydrogen for the Electron Transport Chain) – 4th: The energy from oxidation is used to make 4 ATP m ...
... – 2nd: phosphorylated glucose broken down into two C3 sugar phosphates – 3rd: the sugar phosphates are oxidized to yield electrons and H+ ions which are donated to 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH (stored electron and hydrogen for the Electron Transport Chain) – 4th: The energy from oxidation is used to make 4 ATP m ...
Examination questions
... - to write a brief synopsis emphasizing the main ideas - to draw metabolic pathways in structural formulas with a short comment - where appropriate, to draw a picture (e.g. membranes, respiratory chain etc.) A good and concise preparation reflects the students’ knowledge and understanding the bioche ...
... - to write a brief synopsis emphasizing the main ideas - to draw metabolic pathways in structural formulas with a short comment - where appropriate, to draw a picture (e.g. membranes, respiratory chain etc.) A good and concise preparation reflects the students’ knowledge and understanding the bioche ...
BIOCHEMISTRY I Spring 2013 (General medicine, Dental
... - to write a brief synopsis emphasizing the main ideas - to draw metabolic pathways in structural formulas with a short comment - where appropriate, to draw a picture (e.g. membranes, respiratory chain etc.) A good and concise preparation reflects the students’ knowledge and understanding the bioche ...
... - to write a brief synopsis emphasizing the main ideas - to draw metabolic pathways in structural formulas with a short comment - where appropriate, to draw a picture (e.g. membranes, respiratory chain etc.) A good and concise preparation reflects the students’ knowledge and understanding the bioche ...
Citric acid cycle ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND
... • ATP powers almost all cell and body activities ...
... • ATP powers almost all cell and body activities ...
Metabolism - Red Blood Cell Laboratory
... order to bind oxygen reversibly, despite exposure to a variety of endogenous and exogenous oxidizing agents. The red cell maintains several metabolic pathways to prevent the action of these oxidizing agents and to reduce the hemoglobin iron if it becomes oxidized. These mechanisms may fail under cer ...
... order to bind oxygen reversibly, despite exposure to a variety of endogenous and exogenous oxidizing agents. The red cell maintains several metabolic pathways to prevent the action of these oxidizing agents and to reduce the hemoglobin iron if it becomes oxidized. These mechanisms may fail under cer ...
File
... Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction, allowing it to occur more rapidly. The enzyme binds with the substrate but resumes its original conformation after forming the enzyme-substrate complex. ...
... Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction, allowing it to occur more rapidly. The enzyme binds with the substrate but resumes its original conformation after forming the enzyme-substrate complex. ...
Camp 1 - University of California, Santa Cruz
... • Pyruvate metabolized three ways: • depends on organism & presence/absence of O2 ...
... • Pyruvate metabolized three ways: • depends on organism & presence/absence of O2 ...
(PDF format, 1.73MB)
... intestinal wall: glycogen or metabolism Glycolysis 1 glucose molecule - 2 ATP (~30 from OXPHOS) ...
... intestinal wall: glycogen or metabolism Glycolysis 1 glucose molecule - 2 ATP (~30 from OXPHOS) ...
Chap 3 - CRCBiologyY11
... • Monosaccharide's combine in different ways to form polysaccharides. • A sugar that contains one or two monosaccharide’s are sometimes called simple sugars, while those with three or more are referred to as complex carbohydrates. • Cellulose and glycogen are two types of polysaccharides that differ ...
... • Monosaccharide's combine in different ways to form polysaccharides. • A sugar that contains one or two monosaccharide’s are sometimes called simple sugars, while those with three or more are referred to as complex carbohydrates. • Cellulose and glycogen are two types of polysaccharides that differ ...
Slide 1
... Catabolism is the process of breaking down the larger, reduced, compounds such as glucose, amino acids or fatty acids. Energy is released as electrons are transferred from these reduced compounds ultimately to oxygen forming to small end products such as CO2, H2O and NH3 to yield energy. These proce ...
... Catabolism is the process of breaking down the larger, reduced, compounds such as glucose, amino acids or fatty acids. Energy is released as electrons are transferred from these reduced compounds ultimately to oxygen forming to small end products such as CO2, H2O and NH3 to yield energy. These proce ...
Ch. 6 ppt
... Life before and after Oxygen • Glycolysis could be used by ancient bacteria to make ATP when little oxygen was available, and before organelles evolved. • Today, glycolysis: – Occurs in almost all organisms – Is a metabolic heirloom of the first stage in the breakdown of organic molecules ...
... Life before and after Oxygen • Glycolysis could be used by ancient bacteria to make ATP when little oxygen was available, and before organelles evolved. • Today, glycolysis: – Occurs in almost all organisms – Is a metabolic heirloom of the first stage in the breakdown of organic molecules ...
The Biochemistry of Life
... hundred glucose residues (units). – amylopectin differs from amylose in being highly branched. At approximately every thirtieth residue along the chain, a short side chain is attached by a glycosidic bond to the #6 carbon atom (the carbon above the ring). ...
... hundred glucose residues (units). – amylopectin differs from amylose in being highly branched. At approximately every thirtieth residue along the chain, a short side chain is attached by a glycosidic bond to the #6 carbon atom (the carbon above the ring). ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑