The Citric acid cycle
... 3 E2 catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl groups to CoA yielding acetyl-CoA and reduced dihydrolipoamide-E2 4 Dihydrolipoyl dh E3 reoxidizes dihydrolipoamide-E2 and itself becomes reduced as FADH2 is formed 5 Reduced E3 is reoxidized by NAD+ to form FAD and NADH The enzymes SH groups are reoxidized ...
... 3 E2 catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl groups to CoA yielding acetyl-CoA and reduced dihydrolipoamide-E2 4 Dihydrolipoyl dh E3 reoxidizes dihydrolipoamide-E2 and itself becomes reduced as FADH2 is formed 5 Reduced E3 is reoxidized by NAD+ to form FAD and NADH The enzymes SH groups are reoxidized ...
LP - Columbia University
... oxygen is available for the oxidation of NADH2. Under these circumstances the cell must make do with what it has available, which is mainly: 2 pyruvates. Fortunately, pyruvate itself is able to act as an oxidizing agent, as seen in rxn #11, where it accepts electrons into its C=O bond, adding two hy ...
... oxygen is available for the oxidation of NADH2. Under these circumstances the cell must make do with what it has available, which is mainly: 2 pyruvates. Fortunately, pyruvate itself is able to act as an oxidizing agent, as seen in rxn #11, where it accepts electrons into its C=O bond, adding two hy ...
Section 4. Overview of Fuel oxidation, ATP generation: Glycolysis is
... FAD(2H) gives less, since its only +0.20 (FAD(2H) -> FAD ...
... FAD(2H) gives less, since its only +0.20 (FAD(2H) -> FAD ...
Chapter 9
... 3. Shuttle - takes pyruvate from cytoplasm to mitochondria. Gain 2NADH. 4. Krebs cycle - takes the two 3 Carbon compounds from Glycolysis and extracts all Carbons and Oxygens as CO2 and Hydrogen electrons are transported by NADH/FADH2. Gain - 2 ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 5. Electron Transport Chain and Ox ...
... 3. Shuttle - takes pyruvate from cytoplasm to mitochondria. Gain 2NADH. 4. Krebs cycle - takes the two 3 Carbon compounds from Glycolysis and extracts all Carbons and Oxygens as CO2 and Hydrogen electrons are transported by NADH/FADH2. Gain - 2 ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 5. Electron Transport Chain and Ox ...
Kreb`s Cycle - robertschem
... 14. Why is FAD used instead of NAD+? At one step of Krebs cycle, succinate is oxidized to become fumarate with the help of FAD. The energy involved succinate-fumarate reaction does not allow NAD+ to be reduced sufficiently. FAD is lower-energy and is able to help oxidize succinate in the process (an ...
... 14. Why is FAD used instead of NAD+? At one step of Krebs cycle, succinate is oxidized to become fumarate with the help of FAD. The energy involved succinate-fumarate reaction does not allow NAD+ to be reduced sufficiently. FAD is lower-energy and is able to help oxidize succinate in the process (an ...
Document
... 3. Ketone body biogenesis and cholesterol synthesis are related in that they share the metabolic intermediate, _HMG-CoA/acetoacetyl-CoA_, and utilize _acetyl-CoA__ as a substrate for their biogenesis. The synthetic pathway for ketone bodies takes place in the __mitochondria__ (subcellular compartmen ...
... 3. Ketone body biogenesis and cholesterol synthesis are related in that they share the metabolic intermediate, _HMG-CoA/acetoacetyl-CoA_, and utilize _acetyl-CoA__ as a substrate for their biogenesis. The synthetic pathway for ketone bodies takes place in the __mitochondria__ (subcellular compartmen ...
Biochem PowerPoint Presentation
... Protein substance …made on ribosomes Control all chemical reactions in organisms Not changed by the reaction Can be used again Referred to as an “organic catalyst” Lower activation energy (NRG needed to start Rx) Substrate: Substance enzymes works on ...
... Protein substance …made on ribosomes Control all chemical reactions in organisms Not changed by the reaction Can be used again Referred to as an “organic catalyst” Lower activation energy (NRG needed to start Rx) Substrate: Substance enzymes works on ...
Bell work
... BIO I 1,2,5,7 Bell work 1-9-14 Bell work: Draw and label the picture on page 263. How is it different than just glycolysis All Make-up work DUE TODAY by end of ...
... BIO I 1,2,5,7 Bell work 1-9-14 Bell work: Draw and label the picture on page 263. How is it different than just glycolysis All Make-up work DUE TODAY by end of ...
cellular respiration
... molecules (primarily proteins), is built into the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. • NADH shuttles electrons from food to the “top” of the chain. • At the “bottom”, oxygen captures the electrons and H+ to form water. • The free energy change from “top” to “bottom” is 53 kcal/mole of NADH. • Electr ...
... molecules (primarily proteins), is built into the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. • NADH shuttles electrons from food to the “top” of the chain. • At the “bottom”, oxygen captures the electrons and H+ to form water. • The free energy change from “top” to “bottom” is 53 kcal/mole of NADH. • Electr ...
supplementary material
... d[FBP]/dt = -vALD + vPFK, d[DHAP]/dt = -vGDH + vALD + vTPI, d[GAP]/dt = -vGAPDH + vALD - vTPI, d[GDP]/dt = vGAPDH – vPGK , d[3-PG]/dt = -vPGM + vPGK , d[2-PG]/dt = vPGM – vEnolase , d[PEP]/dt = -vPK + vEnolase , d[Pyr]/dt = vPK– vLDH, d[Lac]/dt = vLDH, d[NAD+]/dt = -vGAPDH + vGDH + vLDH, d[NADH]/dt ...
... d[FBP]/dt = -vALD + vPFK, d[DHAP]/dt = -vGDH + vALD + vTPI, d[GAP]/dt = -vGAPDH + vALD - vTPI, d[GDP]/dt = vGAPDH – vPGK , d[3-PG]/dt = -vPGM + vPGK , d[2-PG]/dt = vPGM – vEnolase , d[PEP]/dt = -vPK + vEnolase , d[Pyr]/dt = vPK– vLDH, d[Lac]/dt = vLDH, d[NAD+]/dt = -vGAPDH + vGDH + vLDH, d[NADH]/dt ...
respiration
... Maximum Temps than PS • Can Have Net Dry Matter Loss at High Temps where Respiration Exceeds PS • Temp Refers to Temp Inside Plant or Animal ...
... Maximum Temps than PS • Can Have Net Dry Matter Loss at High Temps where Respiration Exceeds PS • Temp Refers to Temp Inside Plant or Animal ...
Pass Back Graded Work!
... many different fruits and vegetables, but is especially concentrated in lemons and limes. Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric ...
... many different fruits and vegetables, but is especially concentrated in lemons and limes. Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric ...
06_Lecture_Presentation - Cornerstone Charter Academy
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
POGIL Biology I – Introduction to life on earth
... POGIL Biology VIII – Energy, enzymes, and the cell All living things require a constant source of energy. Cells do not produce their own energy, they must somehow extract it from their environment. Cells are tiny chemical reaction vats that are continually synthesizing and breaking down various mole ...
... POGIL Biology VIII – Energy, enzymes, and the cell All living things require a constant source of energy. Cells do not produce their own energy, they must somehow extract it from their environment. Cells are tiny chemical reaction vats that are continually synthesizing and breaking down various mole ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
... 8. At 30C the optimum pH of a certain human digestive enzyme is 8. A greater reaction rate could be achieved by: a) decreasing the temperature by 5C and keeping the pH at 8. b) increasing the temperature by 5C and keeping the pH at 8. c) maintaining the temperature at 30C and increasing the pH ...
... 8. At 30C the optimum pH of a certain human digestive enzyme is 8. A greater reaction rate could be achieved by: a) decreasing the temperature by 5C and keeping the pH at 8. b) increasing the temperature by 5C and keeping the pH at 8. c) maintaining the temperature at 30C and increasing the pH ...
Diabetes Image
... • Type II Diabetes is an often-obesity related condition in which insulin is produced in response to high blood sugar, however, the insulin does not properly signal with Insulin Receptors (IR). • In either of these situations, IR activation does not occur as it should in a diabetic. • Lack of insuli ...
... • Type II Diabetes is an often-obesity related condition in which insulin is produced in response to high blood sugar, however, the insulin does not properly signal with Insulin Receptors (IR). • In either of these situations, IR activation does not occur as it should in a diabetic. • Lack of insuli ...
ketone bodies
... PEP). In addition, as the concentration of AcCoA increases, rate of HMGCoA synthase (which has a relatively high Km for AcCoA) increases resulting in enhanced synthesis of ketone bodies and preventing the further accumulation of AcCoA. Generally similar changes occur during fasting, low carb diets a ...
... PEP). In addition, as the concentration of AcCoA increases, rate of HMGCoA synthase (which has a relatively high Km for AcCoA) increases resulting in enhanced synthesis of ketone bodies and preventing the further accumulation of AcCoA. Generally similar changes occur during fasting, low carb diets a ...
Lactanase - Vita Flex
... first pre-performance supplement to focus on the need for acetyl coenzyme A during intensive exercise, when the horse cannot rely upon oxygen for energy release. Lactanase has been tested by Thoroughbred and Standardbred trainers and veterinarians at the nation's leading racetracks. It is now availa ...
... first pre-performance supplement to focus on the need for acetyl coenzyme A during intensive exercise, when the horse cannot rely upon oxygen for energy release. Lactanase has been tested by Thoroughbred and Standardbred trainers and veterinarians at the nation's leading racetracks. It is now availa ...
2081 Slc35a2 provides a novel role for glycosylation in glucose
... cell ATP were all reversed by re-expression of Slc35a2 in Lec8 cells. Furthermore, treatment with the hexokinase inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose led to a more significant reduction in whole cell ATP content in wild-type compared with Lec8 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that Slc35a2 modulates the ...
... cell ATP were all reversed by re-expression of Slc35a2 in Lec8 cells. Furthermore, treatment with the hexokinase inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose led to a more significant reduction in whole cell ATP content in wild-type compared with Lec8 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that Slc35a2 modulates the ...
Chapter 9 - Slothnet
... Acetyl CoA is another control point: If ATP levels are high and the citric acid cycle shuts down, accumulation of citrate activates fatty acid synthesis from acetyl CoA, diverting it to storage. Fatty acids may be metabolized later to produce more acetyl CoA. ...
... Acetyl CoA is another control point: If ATP levels are high and the citric acid cycle shuts down, accumulation of citrate activates fatty acid synthesis from acetyl CoA, diverting it to storage. Fatty acids may be metabolized later to produce more acetyl CoA. ...
Integration of Metabolism
... biosynthesis of several compounds, including fatty acids and ribose sugar, which is an essential component of nucleotides. ...
... biosynthesis of several compounds, including fatty acids and ribose sugar, which is an essential component of nucleotides. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑