Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Notes
... • Heterotrophs capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms. They metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy. • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respir ...
... • Heterotrophs capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms. They metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy. • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respir ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy In eukaryotes, cellular respiration
... 6.2 Breathing supplies O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2 Respiration, as it relates to breathing, and cellular respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releas ...
... 6.2 Breathing supplies O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2 Respiration, as it relates to breathing, and cellular respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releas ...
TCA Cycle - eCurriculum
... intermediate. )G 0 ’= +1.5 kcal Step 3: Isocitrate oxidation and decarboxylation to "ketoglutarate isocitrate + NAD + → "ketoglutarate + NADH + H + + CO2 Catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Involves oxidation of alcohol group in isocitrate to a ketone intermediate, oxalosuccinate. Deca ...
... intermediate. )G 0 ’= +1.5 kcal Step 3: Isocitrate oxidation and decarboxylation to "ketoglutarate isocitrate + NAD + → "ketoglutarate + NADH + H + + CO2 Catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Involves oxidation of alcohol group in isocitrate to a ketone intermediate, oxalosuccinate. Deca ...
Bis2A 07.2 Fermentation
... molecular oxygen. Oxygen is a poison to these microorganisms and kills them upon exposure. It should be noted that many forms of fermentation, an exception is lactic acid fermentation, produce gas, usually CO2 and acids, such as lactate or acetate. The production of particular types of gas is used a ...
... molecular oxygen. Oxygen is a poison to these microorganisms and kills them upon exposure. It should be noted that many forms of fermentation, an exception is lactic acid fermentation, produce gas, usually CO2 and acids, such as lactate or acetate. The production of particular types of gas is used a ...
Study guide exam 1
... archaeabacteria groups. 22. What are the groups of microorganisms? 23. What are viruses? Where are they classified? 24. What are fungi? 25. What is lysozyme? What does it do? 26. What are enzymes? What is a catalyst? 27. List three factors that affect enzyme activity. 28. What are competitive and no ...
... archaeabacteria groups. 22. What are the groups of microorganisms? 23. What are viruses? Where are they classified? 24. What are fungi? 25. What is lysozyme? What does it do? 26. What are enzymes? What is a catalyst? 27. List three factors that affect enzyme activity. 28. What are competitive and no ...
Unit 2 PPT - Faculty Sites
... water into 2 H+ and ½ O2. (Oh, that’s where Oxygen comes from!) When the energized electrons fall they release energy that is captured as they are transferred through a series of electron transport molecules. • They then arrive at Photosystem I where they are again boosted by light energy. Again the ...
... water into 2 H+ and ½ O2. (Oh, that’s where Oxygen comes from!) When the energized electrons fall they release energy that is captured as they are transferred through a series of electron transport molecules. • They then arrive at Photosystem I where they are again boosted by light energy. Again the ...
Lecture 12 “Cellular Respiration and Fermentation: Part I” PPT
... 1. Fixation: 3 RuBP + 3 CO2 6 3-phosphoglycerate 2. Reduction: 6 3-phosphoglycerate + 6 ATP + 6 NADPH 6 G3P 3. Regeneration: 5 G3P + 3 ATP 3 RuBP 3.) In the first phase of the calvin cycle, what two molecules interact and what is the product of this interaction (Include how many molecules are ...
... 1. Fixation: 3 RuBP + 3 CO2 6 3-phosphoglycerate 2. Reduction: 6 3-phosphoglycerate + 6 ATP + 6 NADPH 6 G3P 3. Regeneration: 5 G3P + 3 ATP 3 RuBP 3.) In the first phase of the calvin cycle, what two molecules interact and what is the product of this interaction (Include how many molecules are ...
Intro to Biochemistry Pratt & Cornely Chapter 1
... can you draw about the sign of the enthalpy change and the entropy change for this process? ...
... can you draw about the sign of the enthalpy change and the entropy change for this process? ...
enzymes - MBBS Students Club
... acids or bases. In “specific acid or base catalysis” rate of reaction is sensitive to changes in protons , but is independent of conc of other acids or bases present in the solution or at active site. In “general acid or base catalysis” reaction rates are sensitive to all acids & bases present . ...
... acids or bases. In “specific acid or base catalysis” rate of reaction is sensitive to changes in protons , but is independent of conc of other acids or bases present in the solution or at active site. In “general acid or base catalysis” reaction rates are sensitive to all acids & bases present . ...
ENZYMES - Rihs.com.pk
... acids or bases. In “specific acid or base catalysis” rate of reaction is sensitive to changes in protons , but is independent of conc of other acids or bases present in the solution or at active site. In “general acid or base catalysis” reaction rates are sensitive to all acids & bases present . ...
... acids or bases. In “specific acid or base catalysis” rate of reaction is sensitive to changes in protons , but is independent of conc of other acids or bases present in the solution or at active site. In “general acid or base catalysis” reaction rates are sensitive to all acids & bases present . ...
Question 2 (20 points)
... Compare ATP, NADH and NADPH with respect to their functions in metabolism. ...
... Compare ATP, NADH and NADPH with respect to their functions in metabolism. ...
userfiles/153/my files/09_lecture_presentation 2015?id=1069
... Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate Glycolysis (“sugar splitting”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase The net yield from gl ...
... Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate Glycolysis (“sugar splitting”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase The net yield from gl ...
5 Lipid and Protein Metabolism
... fatty acid metabolism during fasting or carbohydrate restriction to use as energy instead of glucose • 2 of the 3 are used by the heart and brain and muscle for ATP synthesis – Picked up by cells and used to make acetyl-CoA – In the brain ...
... fatty acid metabolism during fasting or carbohydrate restriction to use as energy instead of glucose • 2 of the 3 are used by the heart and brain and muscle for ATP synthesis – Picked up by cells and used to make acetyl-CoA – In the brain ...
BIOCHEMISTRY 2.1
... and nucleic acids) and their functions in biological systems—CHO focus on glucose polymers including chitin, starch, cellulose, glycogen; Proteins intro enzymes and give common examples including hemoglobin, antibodies, collagen, muscle fibers, hair, nails, and cell fibers actin and myosin; Nucleic ...
... and nucleic acids) and their functions in biological systems—CHO focus on glucose polymers including chitin, starch, cellulose, glycogen; Proteins intro enzymes and give common examples including hemoglobin, antibodies, collagen, muscle fibers, hair, nails, and cell fibers actin and myosin; Nucleic ...
Lecture 29
... true for a) Note changes in structure: between b-monomers – see big double-headed arrows at points of contact – see small arrows Binding of the O2 on one heme is more difficult but its binding causes a shift in the a1-b2 (& a2-b1) contacts and moves the distal His E7 and Val E11 out of the oxygen’s ...
... true for a) Note changes in structure: between b-monomers – see big double-headed arrows at points of contact – see small arrows Binding of the O2 on one heme is more difficult but its binding causes a shift in the a1-b2 (& a2-b1) contacts and moves the distal His E7 and Val E11 out of the oxygen’s ...
Carbohydrate metabolism File
... • When the chain has been lengthened to a minimum of 11 glucose residues, a second enzyme, the branching enzyme (amylo[α 1-4 ] [α 1-6] -transglucosidase), transfers a part of the α 1-4 chain (minimum length 6 glucose residues) to a neighboring chain to form a α 1-6 linkage, thus establishing a branc ...
... • When the chain has been lengthened to a minimum of 11 glucose residues, a second enzyme, the branching enzyme (amylo[α 1-4 ] [α 1-6] -transglucosidase), transfers a part of the α 1-4 chain (minimum length 6 glucose residues) to a neighboring chain to form a α 1-6 linkage, thus establishing a branc ...
Chapter 20-Amino Acid Metabolism
... The other 9 (H I L K M F T W V) are essential. Arginine is essential only during growth. Tyr is not essential, but only because it can be readily synthesized from the essential Phe. → No special storage compartment- all are in functional proteins- last to use as energy source →Many of the amino acid ...
... The other 9 (H I L K M F T W V) are essential. Arginine is essential only during growth. Tyr is not essential, but only because it can be readily synthesized from the essential Phe. → No special storage compartment- all are in functional proteins- last to use as energy source →Many of the amino acid ...
Ex. glucose, fructose and galactose: these are isomers
... B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ C. The ___________________of a protein is greatly influenced by cond ...
... B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ C. The ___________________of a protein is greatly influenced by cond ...
3rd Fall - rci.rutgers.edu
... 8. Which of the following statements is true about the specificity filter of the potassium channel A) Differential interaction with potential oxygen ligands in the selectivity filter protein are responsible for its selectivity; B) Specificity depends upon the hydrophobicity of the channel; C) Specif ...
... 8. Which of the following statements is true about the specificity filter of the potassium channel A) Differential interaction with potential oxygen ligands in the selectivity filter protein are responsible for its selectivity; B) Specificity depends upon the hydrophobicity of the channel; C) Specif ...
Communication, Homeostasis
... Helps dehydrogenase enzymes to carry out oxidation reactions Contains 2 ribose sugars, 1 nitrogenous base adenine 2 phosphate groups and a nictinamide molecule. When NAD accepts two hydrogen atoms with their electrons it becomes reduced. NAD operates during Glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs c ...
... Helps dehydrogenase enzymes to carry out oxidation reactions Contains 2 ribose sugars, 1 nitrogenous base adenine 2 phosphate groups and a nictinamide molecule. When NAD accepts two hydrogen atoms with their electrons it becomes reduced. NAD operates during Glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs c ...
Glycolysis
... • Coenzymes – not proteins, much smaller, assist enzymes, act as electron carriers – involved in redox reactions. Include: NAD+ – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide ...
... • Coenzymes – not proteins, much smaller, assist enzymes, act as electron carriers – involved in redox reactions. Include: NAD+ – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑