Fractose and galactose Metabolism
... the western diet are supplied by fructose (about 100g/day). The major source of fructose is Disacchariede sucrose (table sugar). Fructose is also found as a free monosaccharide in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Entry of fructose into cells is not insulin dependent. Fructose is metabolized ...
... the western diet are supplied by fructose (about 100g/day). The major source of fructose is Disacchariede sucrose (table sugar). Fructose is also found as a free monosaccharide in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Entry of fructose into cells is not insulin dependent. Fructose is metabolized ...
![Microbiology(Hons)[Paper-IV] - Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/017635075_1-cacd0a5e5aa4de554a7e55477a5947cd-300x300.png)
Microbiology(Hons)[Paper-IV] - Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira
... b) What are thermoduric microorganisms? c) How does TMAO reduces shelf life of modified atmosphere packaged fish? d) What are the antimicrobial barriers present in egg white? e) Write down the advantages and disadvantages of slow freezing in food preservation. ...
... b) What are thermoduric microorganisms? c) How does TMAO reduces shelf life of modified atmosphere packaged fish? d) What are the antimicrobial barriers present in egg white? e) Write down the advantages and disadvantages of slow freezing in food preservation. ...
Metabolism - Websupport1
... NADH = 3ATP FADH2 = 2ATP Acetyl CoA = 12ATP So if each round of beta oxidation produces 17ATP, then one molecule of fat will produce a lot more ATP (energy) than one molecule of glucose. Remember that glucose produced 2ATP in glycolysis and 34/36ATP via TCA and ETS ...
... NADH = 3ATP FADH2 = 2ATP Acetyl CoA = 12ATP So if each round of beta oxidation produces 17ATP, then one molecule of fat will produce a lot more ATP (energy) than one molecule of glucose. Remember that glucose produced 2ATP in glycolysis and 34/36ATP via TCA and ETS ...
File
... ◦ Converted into chemicals for growth ◦ Used in respiration ◦ Converted into starch for storage This is because starch is insoluble and has little effect on the ...
... ◦ Converted into chemicals for growth ◦ Used in respiration ◦ Converted into starch for storage This is because starch is insoluble and has little effect on the ...
02-3 Carbon Compounds
... Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates have the general formula [CH2O]n where n is a number between 3 and ...
... Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates have the general formula [CH2O]n where n is a number between 3 and ...
2. Microbial Growth Kinetics
... Structurally related compounds in one or few enzymatic reactions Can use resting cells, spores or even killed cells. Mixed cultures can also be used, use of immobilized cells at low cost ...
... Structurally related compounds in one or few enzymatic reactions Can use resting cells, spores or even killed cells. Mixed cultures can also be used, use of immobilized cells at low cost ...
syllabus - Wofford
... Section I – Course Introduction – Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins – Enzymes In this section, you will need to learn the structures of the amino acids. It isn’t so difficult, because you really only need to remember the R groups. Amino acid structures are important for your understanding protein stru ...
... Section I – Course Introduction – Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins – Enzymes In this section, you will need to learn the structures of the amino acids. It isn’t so difficult, because you really only need to remember the R groups. Amino acid structures are important for your understanding protein stru ...
Review Questions for Advanced Biochemistry Course
... 31. Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is CORRECT? A. Citrate is frequently used for gluconeogenesis in the liver B. The production of oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase is one of several anaplerotic reactions for the TCA cycle C. Succinyl CoA is used to create a neurotransmitte ...
... 31. Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is CORRECT? A. Citrate is frequently used for gluconeogenesis in the liver B. The production of oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase is one of several anaplerotic reactions for the TCA cycle C. Succinyl CoA is used to create a neurotransmitte ...
Chapter 6 Answers Energy and Life Visual Understanding Figure
... 1. You eat a hamburger. Salivary amylase begins to digest the carbohydrates in the bun while you are still chewing. Pepsin works in your stomach to digest the protein, and trypsin is active in your small intestine to break the bonds between specific amino acids. How does the optimum pH for pepsin an ...
... 1. You eat a hamburger. Salivary amylase begins to digest the carbohydrates in the bun while you are still chewing. Pepsin works in your stomach to digest the protein, and trypsin is active in your small intestine to break the bonds between specific amino acids. How does the optimum pH for pepsin an ...
electron transport chain
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 32 ATP • There are several reasons why the number of ATP is not known exactly © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 32 ATP • There are several reasons why the number of ATP is not known exactly © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
electron transport chain
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Bio150 Practice Exam 2 Name
... B) Kinetic energy; potential energy 9. ATP contains A) one phosphate group B) two phosphate groups C) three phosphate groups D) four phosphate groups 10. Most of a cell's enzymes are A) lipids. B) proteins. C) amino acids. D) nucleic acids. E) carbohydrates. 11. In cellular respiration, _________ is ...
... B) Kinetic energy; potential energy 9. ATP contains A) one phosphate group B) two phosphate groups C) three phosphate groups D) four phosphate groups 10. Most of a cell's enzymes are A) lipids. B) proteins. C) amino acids. D) nucleic acids. E) carbohydrates. 11. In cellular respiration, _________ is ...
glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
... In stage l, metabolic fuels are hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to a diverse set of monomeric building blocks (glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids) and absorbed. In stage 2, the building blocks are degraded by various pathways in tissues to a common metabolic intermediate, acetyl-CoA. ...
... In stage l, metabolic fuels are hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to a diverse set of monomeric building blocks (glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids) and absorbed. In stage 2, the building blocks are degraded by various pathways in tissues to a common metabolic intermediate, acetyl-CoA. ...
Exam 4 KEY
... A. (4 pts) The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in the cytosol is an exergonic reaction catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase (ΔGº' = -31.4 kJ/mol). Since the reverse of this reaction is highly unfavorable (ΔGº' = +31.4 kJ/mol), explain how it is possible that the conversion of pyruva ...
... A. (4 pts) The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in the cytosol is an exergonic reaction catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase (ΔGº' = -31.4 kJ/mol). Since the reverse of this reaction is highly unfavorable (ΔGº' = +31.4 kJ/mol), explain how it is possible that the conversion of pyruva ...
Cellular Respiration - Kania´s Science Page
... enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full breakdown of sugar to CO2 ...
... enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full breakdown of sugar to CO2 ...
Title - Iowa State University
... a. A regulatory molecule binds at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme in a way that makes the active site available to the enzyme’s natural substrates. b. Regulatory molecules that are similar in size and shape to the enzyme’s natural substrate inhibits catalysi ...
... a. A regulatory molecule binds at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme in a way that makes the active site available to the enzyme’s natural substrates. b. Regulatory molecules that are similar in size and shape to the enzyme’s natural substrate inhibits catalysi ...
For lecture notes click here
... 3. Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). Intermediate-density lipoproteins are intermediate in size and lipid composition between VLDLs and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). They contain smaller amounts of triglycerides than do VLDLs and relatively more phospholipids and cholesterol than do LDLs. ...
... 3. Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). Intermediate-density lipoproteins are intermediate in size and lipid composition between VLDLs and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). They contain smaller amounts of triglycerides than do VLDLs and relatively more phospholipids and cholesterol than do LDLs. ...
Introduction to Metabolism
... The striking characteristic of catabolic pathways is that a divergent range of biomolecules converge by forming common intermediates. Anabolism Complex biomolecules are synthesized from simple precursors. This process is endergonic. This process requires the free energy of ATP hydrolysis, ATP ADP ...
... The striking characteristic of catabolic pathways is that a divergent range of biomolecules converge by forming common intermediates. Anabolism Complex biomolecules are synthesized from simple precursors. This process is endergonic. This process requires the free energy of ATP hydrolysis, ATP ADP ...
Chapter 9—Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... B. Glycolysis Glycolysis—catabolic pathway during which six-carbon glucose is split into two three-carbon sugars, which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise process that produces two pyruvate molecules Each reaction is catalyzed by specific enzymes dissolved in the cytosol No CO2 is r ...
... B. Glycolysis Glycolysis—catabolic pathway during which six-carbon glucose is split into two three-carbon sugars, which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise process that produces two pyruvate molecules Each reaction is catalyzed by specific enzymes dissolved in the cytosol No CO2 is r ...
ATP
... molecules that go directly into glycolysis Protein – broken down into molecules that enter as pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or intermediates in the Krebs cycle Lipids – glycerol is converted into pyruvate; fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules of acetyl CoA ...
... molecules that go directly into glycolysis Protein – broken down into molecules that enter as pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or intermediates in the Krebs cycle Lipids – glycerol is converted into pyruvate; fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules of acetyl CoA ...
The Krebs Cycle - Advanced
... • Citric Acid Cycle: Stage 2 of aerobic cellular respiration; a series of chemical reactions which completes the breakdown of glucose begun in stage 1, releasing more chemical energy and producing carbon dioxide; also called the Krebs cycle. • electron transport chain: Series of electron-transport m ...
... • Citric Acid Cycle: Stage 2 of aerobic cellular respiration; a series of chemical reactions which completes the breakdown of glucose begun in stage 1, releasing more chemical energy and producing carbon dioxide; also called the Krebs cycle. • electron transport chain: Series of electron-transport m ...
Chapter Nine - The Krebs Cycle
... • Hans Kreb discovered its cyclic nature • Goes by three names – Citric acid cycle – Tricarboxylic cycle – Krebs cycle ...
... • Hans Kreb discovered its cyclic nature • Goes by three names – Citric acid cycle – Tricarboxylic cycle – Krebs cycle ...
Cellular Respiration
... be broken down into their monomers and absorbed in the small intestine. ...
... be broken down into their monomers and absorbed in the small intestine. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑