Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation
... NADH (~ 3 ATP after ET) Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle Anaerobic: occurs in cytoplasm Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+ no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
... NADH (~ 3 ATP after ET) Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle Anaerobic: occurs in cytoplasm Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+ no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
The simplest enzyme revisited: The chicken and
... network. The distributions and flows with the overlay will be vastly different from the uncatalyzed network. The distribution is an emergent feature of the catalytic property of small molecules. Because both amino acids and nucleotides have molecules of catalytic potential, the chicken and egg argume ...
... network. The distributions and flows with the overlay will be vastly different from the uncatalyzed network. The distribution is an emergent feature of the catalytic property of small molecules. Because both amino acids and nucleotides have molecules of catalytic potential, the chicken and egg argume ...
Cellular respiration includes three pathways
... 5. Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons (e−) from one reactant to another are oxidation-reduction reactions, or _________________________________________. 6. The loss of electrons from a substance is called _________________________. 7. The addition of electrons to another ...
... 5. Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons (e−) from one reactant to another are oxidation-reduction reactions, or _________________________________________. 6. The loss of electrons from a substance is called _________________________. 7. The addition of electrons to another ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
Enzymes
... • Cooperativity is a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity • In cooperativity, binding by a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at all ...
... • Cooperativity is a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity • In cooperativity, binding by a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at all ...
Unique plant respiration
... • Electrons move from higher energy level to lower energy level, releasing energy in the process • O2 is final electron acceptor ...
... • Electrons move from higher energy level to lower energy level, releasing energy in the process • O2 is final electron acceptor ...
Chapter 5 Bacterial Metabolism
... • Oxidative phosphorylation, like the Krebs cycle, occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria and mitochondria in eukaryotes • The NADH and FADH2 molecules produced in glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle are used to shunt electrons to the electron transport chain • Once at the electron transport cha ...
... • Oxidative phosphorylation, like the Krebs cycle, occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria and mitochondria in eukaryotes • The NADH and FADH2 molecules produced in glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle are used to shunt electrons to the electron transport chain • Once at the electron transport cha ...
PHOTOSYNTHESIS HOW PLANTS MAKE THEIR
... • OCCURS IN THE STROMA (SPACE BTWN) OF THE CHLOROPLAST • NO SUNLIGHT IS NEEDED. ONLY NEEDS CO2, ATP & NADPH FROM PS I & PS II • CALVIN CYCLE CONVERTS ATP TO ADP & CONVERTS NADPH TO NADP (VIA OXIDATION, REMOVAL OF e-) ...
... • OCCURS IN THE STROMA (SPACE BTWN) OF THE CHLOROPLAST • NO SUNLIGHT IS NEEDED. ONLY NEEDS CO2, ATP & NADPH FROM PS I & PS II • CALVIN CYCLE CONVERTS ATP TO ADP & CONVERTS NADPH TO NADP (VIA OXIDATION, REMOVAL OF e-) ...
10/19
... 4 carbon succinyl-CoA produces GTP by substrate-level phosphorylation and forms succinate Succinate oxidized by FAD to form fumarate ...
... 4 carbon succinyl-CoA produces GTP by substrate-level phosphorylation and forms succinate Succinate oxidized by FAD to form fumarate ...
Cellular Respiration II PPT
... - Through several redox reactions, the energy from these electrons is used to pump hydrogens across the inner mitochondrial membrane. - By creating a concentration gradient of hydrogens, ATP is made using ATP Synthase. ...
... - Through several redox reactions, the energy from these electrons is used to pump hydrogens across the inner mitochondrial membrane. - By creating a concentration gradient of hydrogens, ATP is made using ATP Synthase. ...
01_Introduction. Structure, properties and biological functions
... •Inhibitor binds as a substrate and is initially processed by the normal catalytic mechanism •It then generates a chemically reactive intermediate that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification •Suicide because enzyme participates in its own irreversible inhibition ...
... •Inhibitor binds as a substrate and is initially processed by the normal catalytic mechanism •It then generates a chemically reactive intermediate that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification •Suicide because enzyme participates in its own irreversible inhibition ...
Most chemical reactions do not occur spontaneously in nature
... Enzyme activity can be blocked by competitive inhibition. This occurs when a substance having a similar chemical composition to the usual substrate competes for the enzyme's catalytic site. One example is the activity of the antimicrobial compound sulfonamide that competes with the binding site for ...
... Enzyme activity can be blocked by competitive inhibition. This occurs when a substance having a similar chemical composition to the usual substrate competes for the enzyme's catalytic site. One example is the activity of the antimicrobial compound sulfonamide that competes with the binding site for ...
LECTURE 9 – 20th March 2015
... to the Krebs Cycle, picks up another couple of electrons, runs back again to the Electron Transport Chain. - NADH dehydrogenase = pulls the hydrogen ion from NADH (temporary electron carrier) - The electron being passed up to one enzymes complex to another with a series of redox reaction. ...
... to the Krebs Cycle, picks up another couple of electrons, runs back again to the Electron Transport Chain. - NADH dehydrogenase = pulls the hydrogen ion from NADH (temporary electron carrier) - The electron being passed up to one enzymes complex to another with a series of redox reaction. ...
IB BIO II Cell Respiration Van Roekel Cell Respiration Review
... Collection of molecule embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that are oxidized and reduced to provide energy for chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation. 2. What molecules are electron carriers? NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that donate their electrons from glycolysis, the link reac ...
... Collection of molecule embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that are oxidized and reduced to provide energy for chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation. 2. What molecules are electron carriers? NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that donate their electrons from glycolysis, the link reac ...
Content of phloem and xylem exudates
... Respiration - the process of mobilizing organic compounds and oxidizing them. The released energy is transiently stored as ATP. The reduced carbon compounds that are substrates for respiration in plants include glucose, sucrose, fructose-containing polymers, lipids, and organic acids. ...
... Respiration - the process of mobilizing organic compounds and oxidizing them. The released energy is transiently stored as ATP. The reduced carbon compounds that are substrates for respiration in plants include glucose, sucrose, fructose-containing polymers, lipids, and organic acids. ...
I-1 I. Introduction BIOCHEMISTRY = METABOLISM At first you may
... needs, these compounds can be converted back to glucose, a process called gluconeogenesis. In this pathway pyruvate is converted to glucose by a pathway that is similar but not identical to glycolysis (when run in reverse). The excess glucose produced by gluconeogenesis is not accumulated but polyme ...
... needs, these compounds can be converted back to glucose, a process called gluconeogenesis. In this pathway pyruvate is converted to glucose by a pathway that is similar but not identical to glycolysis (when run in reverse). The excess glucose produced by gluconeogenesis is not accumulated but polyme ...
Sucrose is used for respiration, storage or construction. Plants
... Respiration - the process of mobilizing organic compounds and oxidizing them. The released energy is transiently stored as ATP. The reduced carbon compounds that are substrates for respiration in plants include glucose, sucrose, fructose-containing polymers, lipids, and organic acids. ...
... Respiration - the process of mobilizing organic compounds and oxidizing them. The released energy is transiently stored as ATP. The reduced carbon compounds that are substrates for respiration in plants include glucose, sucrose, fructose-containing polymers, lipids, and organic acids. ...
Electron Transport and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Synthesis)
... Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another are called oxidation‐reduction reactions ...
... Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another are called oxidation‐reduction reactions ...
Ch 5
... – Operates with glycolysis – Use and production of 5 carbon sugars (na) – Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis ...
... – Operates with glycolysis – Use and production of 5 carbon sugars (na) – Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis ...
Health assessment of freshwater mussels using metabolomics
... Objective: Assess the metabolic changes in freshwater mussels brought into captivity and subjected to food limitation Hypothesis: Freshwater mussels held in captivity experience nutritional deficiency which will be exhibited by changes in metabolites associated with energy-producing pathways. ...
... Objective: Assess the metabolic changes in freshwater mussels brought into captivity and subjected to food limitation Hypothesis: Freshwater mussels held in captivity experience nutritional deficiency which will be exhibited by changes in metabolites associated with energy-producing pathways. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.