(18 pts) Pyruvate can be converted to a variety of othe
... immediate energy source for the production of ATP in each of these processes. Explain. In oxidative phosphorylation, the immediate source of energy is the proton gradient, with a higher concentration of protons on the outside of the membrane than the inside. The process of protons moving across the ...
... immediate energy source for the production of ATP in each of these processes. Explain. In oxidative phosphorylation, the immediate source of energy is the proton gradient, with a higher concentration of protons on the outside of the membrane than the inside. The process of protons moving across the ...
ETC Details
... • Broken into amino acids, then converted into either pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA, or 1 of the molecules used in Krebs • Where it enters, depends on what’s made ...
... • Broken into amino acids, then converted into either pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA, or 1 of the molecules used in Krebs • Where it enters, depends on what’s made ...
chapter 20
... 3. What is the active site of an enzyme? Be able to predict types of interactions between amino acids in the enzyme active site and amino acids in the substrate (as was done in the web animation). 4. Discuss the difference between the “lock and key” and “induced fit” models of enzyme catalysis. 5. W ...
... 3. What is the active site of an enzyme? Be able to predict types of interactions between amino acids in the enzyme active site and amino acids in the substrate (as was done in the web animation). 4. Discuss the difference between the “lock and key” and “induced fit” models of enzyme catalysis. 5. W ...
Cell Respiration PP
... • All respiration begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm • Glucose (6C) is cleaved into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C) • This requires 2 ATP. It produces 4 • 2NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADPH ...
... • All respiration begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm • Glucose (6C) is cleaved into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C) • This requires 2 ATP. It produces 4 • 2NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADPH ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... electron acceptor is reduced and used as the source of nutrient for cell growth. Dissimilative metabolism: A large amount of the electron acceptor is reduced for energy and the reduced product is excreted into the environment. ...
... electron acceptor is reduced and used as the source of nutrient for cell growth. Dissimilative metabolism: A large amount of the electron acceptor is reduced for energy and the reduced product is excreted into the environment. ...
Welcome to the basics lecture on cellular respiration
... In this class, we are not interested in memorizing all of the intermediates and enzymes. There will be time for that in your biochemistry course. Instead, I want you to know the following about glycolysis: 1. It occurs in the cytosol, outside of the mitochondrion. 2. Glucose has some electrons re ...
... In this class, we are not interested in memorizing all of the intermediates and enzymes. There will be time for that in your biochemistry course. Instead, I want you to know the following about glycolysis: 1. It occurs in the cytosol, outside of the mitochondrion. 2. Glucose has some electrons re ...
Microbial Metabolism
... Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2 and ATP. The Electron Transport Chain A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain. Energy released can be used to produce ATP by ______________________________. Respiration Aerobi ...
... Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2 and ATP. The Electron Transport Chain A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain. Energy released can be used to produce ATP by ______________________________. Respiration Aerobi ...
BIO 330 Cell Biology Lecture Outline Spring 2011 Chapter 9
... Lecture Outline Spring 2011 Substrate-level phosphorylation Phosphoglycerate kinase creates ATP NADH is produced Pyruvate formation and ATP generation Phosphoenolpyruvate hydrolysis by pyruvate kinase B. Pyruvate oxidation to Acetyl CoA In presence of oxygen Preparation for entry to Krebs cycle (cit ...
... Lecture Outline Spring 2011 Substrate-level phosphorylation Phosphoglycerate kinase creates ATP NADH is produced Pyruvate formation and ATP generation Phosphoenolpyruvate hydrolysis by pyruvate kinase B. Pyruvate oxidation to Acetyl CoA In presence of oxygen Preparation for entry to Krebs cycle (cit ...
Dear Notetaker:
... i. Stroma needs hydration- lots of water—vitamin C is water soluble 6. Cytosolic acetyl CoA comes from: a. The mitochondria when citrate builds up i. If Krebs cycle has enough energy, it slows down, citrate builds up, and acetyl CoA can leave then. Regulatory step that is important..need to understa ...
... i. Stroma needs hydration- lots of water—vitamin C is water soluble 6. Cytosolic acetyl CoA comes from: a. The mitochondria when citrate builds up i. If Krebs cycle has enough energy, it slows down, citrate builds up, and acetyl CoA can leave then. Regulatory step that is important..need to understa ...
Biochemistry Notes
... a) Glucose(C6H12O6) and Fructose (C6H12O6) are single sugars called monosaccharides b) Isomers- compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures ...
... a) Glucose(C6H12O6) and Fructose (C6H12O6) are single sugars called monosaccharides b) Isomers- compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures ...
Chapters 13 and 16
... 1) citrate synthase- ATP, NADH, and succinyl-CoA inhibit 2) isocitrate dehydrogenase- allosteric activation by ADP and NAD+ and inhibition by ATP and NADH 3) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase- inhibited by NADH and succinyl-CoA and activated by AMP →The NAD+/NADH ratio in a cell is an indication of the ...
... 1) citrate synthase- ATP, NADH, and succinyl-CoA inhibit 2) isocitrate dehydrogenase- allosteric activation by ADP and NAD+ and inhibition by ATP and NADH 3) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase- inhibited by NADH and succinyl-CoA and activated by AMP →The NAD+/NADH ratio in a cell is an indication of the ...
Energetics at the Molecular Level Energetics: Scientific Foundations of Obesity and Other Health Aspects Douglas R Moellering, Ph.D.
... FMN / FAD FMN (riboflavin-5′-phosphate): • produced from riboflavin by riboflavin kinase functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase. • It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is mor ...
... FMN / FAD FMN (riboflavin-5′-phosphate): • produced from riboflavin by riboflavin kinase functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase. • It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is mor ...
Homework 3-1 Reading Notes Campbell`s Chapter 9
... it needs. If there is a glut of certain amino acid, for example, the anabolic pathway that synthesizes the amino acid from an intermediate in the citric acid cycle is switched off. The most common mechanism for this control is __________________ ______________________. The _______ _______________ of ...
... it needs. If there is a glut of certain amino acid, for example, the anabolic pathway that synthesizes the amino acid from an intermediate in the citric acid cycle is switched off. The most common mechanism for this control is __________________ ______________________. The _______ _______________ of ...
AP Biology Study Guide
... Describe the cellular regions where glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain occur. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. Explain how the exergonic “slide” of electrons down the e ...
... Describe the cellular regions where glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain occur. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. Explain how the exergonic “slide” of electrons down the e ...
Old Exam 1 Questions KEY
... the activation energy. ATP is produced by _______ , ________ reactions and is used to drive ________, ________ reactions. What words filled in these four spaces (in order) result in a true statement? a. endergonic, catabolic; exergonic, anabolic b. exergonic, anabolic; endergonic, catabolic, c. exer ...
... the activation energy. ATP is produced by _______ , ________ reactions and is used to drive ________, ________ reactions. What words filled in these four spaces (in order) result in a true statement? a. endergonic, catabolic; exergonic, anabolic b. exergonic, anabolic; endergonic, catabolic, c. exer ...
Nucleic Acids - Westgate Mennonite Collegiate
... RNA is typically a single stranded nucleic acid molecule, having only a single polynucleotide chain ...
... RNA is typically a single stranded nucleic acid molecule, having only a single polynucleotide chain ...
energy - Old Saybrook Public Schools
... • Free energy of the bond between phosphate groups is much higher than the energy of the O—H bond that forms after hydrolysis. ...
... • Free energy of the bond between phosphate groups is much higher than the energy of the O—H bond that forms after hydrolysis. ...
No Slide Title - Suffolk County Community College
... -usually functions by reversible allosteric inhibition of the first enzyme ...
... -usually functions by reversible allosteric inhibition of the first enzyme ...
Microbiology bio 123
... Enzymes are organic catalysts, and therefore determine everything that a cell does. Once a reaction is completed, the enzyme can be reused because it is not changed by the reaction. The types of enzymes we produce determine what kinds of catabolic pathways we use. Enzymatic reactions are reversible. ...
... Enzymes are organic catalysts, and therefore determine everything that a cell does. Once a reaction is completed, the enzyme can be reused because it is not changed by the reaction. The types of enzymes we produce determine what kinds of catabolic pathways we use. Enzymatic reactions are reversible. ...
碩命題橫式 - 國立彰化師範大學圖書館
... 10. The direct sources of nitrogen that are used to make urea via the Urea Cycle are: (a). citrulline and ornithine (b). arginine and aspartate (c). arginine and citrulline (d). ammonia and arginine (e). aspartate and ammonia 11. Which product in glycolysis also involve in serine synthesis? (a) G6P. ...
... 10. The direct sources of nitrogen that are used to make urea via the Urea Cycle are: (a). citrulline and ornithine (b). arginine and aspartate (c). arginine and citrulline (d). ammonia and arginine (e). aspartate and ammonia 11. Which product in glycolysis also involve in serine synthesis? (a) G6P. ...
Midterm Exam Note: Before beginning, please scan the entire exam
... A) a basic amino acid B) a pair of RNA nucleotides C) a phospholipid D) a double helix E) a disaccharide 54) Which of the following would decrease the entropy within a system? A) dehydration reactions B) hydrolysis C) respiration D) digestion E) catabolism 55) During a laboratory experiment, you dis ...
... A) a basic amino acid B) a pair of RNA nucleotides C) a phospholipid D) a double helix E) a disaccharide 54) Which of the following would decrease the entropy within a system? A) dehydration reactions B) hydrolysis C) respiration D) digestion E) catabolism 55) During a laboratory experiment, you dis ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.