2nd Phase of Glycolysis
... and is called the payoff phase. It is called the payoff phase because in these five reactions two high energy phosphate bonds are produced. These 2 high energy phosphoryl groups are transferred to ADP to generate 2 molecules of ATP. It is important to remember that two molecules of glyceraldehydes 3 ...
... and is called the payoff phase. It is called the payoff phase because in these five reactions two high energy phosphate bonds are produced. These 2 high energy phosphoryl groups are transferred to ADP to generate 2 molecules of ATP. It is important to remember that two molecules of glyceraldehydes 3 ...
Enzymes - WordPress.com
... DO NOT allow ‘same’ shape! DO NOT allow active site is on the substrate ...
... DO NOT allow ‘same’ shape! DO NOT allow active site is on the substrate ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... enzyme, the greater the initial reaction rate This relationship will hold as long as there is enough substrate present ...
... enzyme, the greater the initial reaction rate This relationship will hold as long as there is enough substrate present ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
Bacterial Metabolism and Growth
... – Obligate anaerobes (Clostridium perfringens, and others) – Obligate aerobes (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) – Facultative anaerobes (most bacteria) ...
... – Obligate anaerobes (Clostridium perfringens, and others) – Obligate aerobes (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) – Facultative anaerobes (most bacteria) ...
Chapter 7
... Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration • Uses 2 ATP, produces 2 molecules of the more reactive, higher energy PGAL 2 ATP ...
... Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration • Uses 2 ATP, produces 2 molecules of the more reactive, higher energy PGAL 2 ATP ...
page-182 - WordPress.com
... can be harnessed to do work. Cells use the proton-motive force in the process called 11. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Ionophores are compounds that help move ions across chemiosmosis, which synthesizes ATP. lipid membranes by altering the membrane’s permeability. Ionophores are used as antibioti ...
... can be harnessed to do work. Cells use the proton-motive force in the process called 11. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Ionophores are compounds that help move ions across chemiosmosis, which synthesizes ATP. lipid membranes by altering the membrane’s permeability. Ionophores are used as antibioti ...
(C)
... 28. The term ketogenic amino acids refers to amino acids: (A) that are precursors for glucose synthesis, (B) degraded to yield acetyl CoA or acetoacetate, (C) that can not be converted to fatty acids or ketone bodies, (D) degraded to yield succinyl-CoA, pyruvate, a-ketoglutarate, fumarate and oxaloa ...
... 28. The term ketogenic amino acids refers to amino acids: (A) that are precursors for glucose synthesis, (B) degraded to yield acetyl CoA or acetoacetate, (C) that can not be converted to fatty acids or ketone bodies, (D) degraded to yield succinyl-CoA, pyruvate, a-ketoglutarate, fumarate and oxaloa ...
Advanced Biology
... d) Come up with an analogy to describe ATP’s role in cells. How does this illustrate the importance of coupled reactions? 3. Take a look at the “Metabolic Pathways” poster in the science lab. It shows most of the typical metabolic reactions that happen in cells. a) There will be a quiz on this poste ...
... d) Come up with an analogy to describe ATP’s role in cells. How does this illustrate the importance of coupled reactions? 3. Take a look at the “Metabolic Pathways” poster in the science lab. It shows most of the typical metabolic reactions that happen in cells. a) There will be a quiz on this poste ...
Chapter 20 Notes
... An oxidation involving FAD • Mechanism involves hydride removal by FAD and a deprotonation • This enzyme is actually part of the electron transport pathway in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in ...
... An oxidation involving FAD • Mechanism involves hydride removal by FAD and a deprotonation • This enzyme is actually part of the electron transport pathway in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in ...
Introduction to metabolism. Specific and general pathways of
... Anabolic reactions - synthesize molecules for cell maintenance, growth and reproduction Catabolism is characterized by oxidation reactions and by release of free energy which is transformed to ATP. Anabolism is characterized by reduction reactions and by utilization of energy accumulated in ATP mole ...
... Anabolic reactions - synthesize molecules for cell maintenance, growth and reproduction Catabolism is characterized by oxidation reactions and by release of free energy which is transformed to ATP. Anabolism is characterized by reduction reactions and by utilization of energy accumulated in ATP mole ...
Rate of Enzyme Activity
... temperature increases – to a certain point. a. Optimum temperature – the temperature at which enzyme activity works at its highest rate. Optimum temperature in humans is body temperature (98.6oF or 37oC) b. Enzyme Denaturation – when an enzyme loses its shape and its ability to carry out its proper ...
... temperature increases – to a certain point. a. Optimum temperature – the temperature at which enzyme activity works at its highest rate. Optimum temperature in humans is body temperature (98.6oF or 37oC) b. Enzyme Denaturation – when an enzyme loses its shape and its ability to carry out its proper ...
Full_ppt_ch23
... typical compound – The energy of hydrolysis is large because of strong repulsive forces between electronegative atoms – Enough energy is released by their hydrolysis to compensate for the energy needed for ATP production ...
... typical compound – The energy of hydrolysis is large because of strong repulsive forces between electronegative atoms – Enough energy is released by their hydrolysis to compensate for the energy needed for ATP production ...
Chapter 1 HW
... 1. Outline- Chapter 6- not typed 2. Vocabulary- on a separate sheet of paper number terms and write define. Indent on the line below and write an example or sentence or draw a picture. 1. acetyl Co-A 2. cellular respiration 3. kilocalorie 4. dehydrogenase 5. NAD+ 6. FAD+ 7. electron transport system ...
... 1. Outline- Chapter 6- not typed 2. Vocabulary- on a separate sheet of paper number terms and write define. Indent on the line below and write an example or sentence or draw a picture. 1. acetyl Co-A 2. cellular respiration 3. kilocalorie 4. dehydrogenase 5. NAD+ 6. FAD+ 7. electron transport system ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... It still has 3 carbons bonded together! There is still energy stored in those bonds. It can still be oxidized further. ...
... It still has 3 carbons bonded together! There is still energy stored in those bonds. It can still be oxidized further. ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
... plants make lactic or malic acid and tolerate these better. ! Most animals make lactic acid, but the acid hurts; goldfish make EtOH and excrete it. ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration
... energy hill. • What happens to the energy of the electrons as it falls down the electron transport chain? • The energy is used to pump H+ against their gradient which then come back through ATP synthase to generate ATP ...
... energy hill. • What happens to the energy of the electrons as it falls down the electron transport chain? • The energy is used to pump H+ against their gradient which then come back through ATP synthase to generate ATP ...
3.7 Energy-Rich Compounds
... electron donor can reduce NAD+ to NADH, and the latter can be converted back to NAD+ by donating electrons to the electron acceptor. Figure 3.11 shows an example of such electron shuttling by NAD+/NADH. In this reaction, NAD+ and NADH facilitate the overall redox reaction but are not consumed in a n ...
... electron donor can reduce NAD+ to NADH, and the latter can be converted back to NAD+ by donating electrons to the electron acceptor. Figure 3.11 shows an example of such electron shuttling by NAD+/NADH. In this reaction, NAD+ and NADH facilitate the overall redox reaction but are not consumed in a n ...
Document
... Plants produce NADPH and ATP by photosynthesis in the chloroplast. However, most of the plants ATP needs are met by their mitochondria. Sugars are exported out of the chloroplasts into the mitochondria. During periods of light, photosynthetic cells convert some sugars made during photosynthesis int ...
... Plants produce NADPH and ATP by photosynthesis in the chloroplast. However, most of the plants ATP needs are met by their mitochondria. Sugars are exported out of the chloroplasts into the mitochondria. During periods of light, photosynthetic cells convert some sugars made during photosynthesis int ...
No Slide Title
... 7) Reaction 5: Oxalosuccinate loses a molecule of CO2, forming ketoglutarate. 8) Reaction 6: Ketoglutarate hooks up with Coenzyme A to form succinyl CoA. This process releases 2 electrons and H to form NADH. 9) In Reaction 7, succinyl CoA reacts with ADP and Pi to form ATP and succinate. 10) In Reac ...
... 7) Reaction 5: Oxalosuccinate loses a molecule of CO2, forming ketoglutarate. 8) Reaction 6: Ketoglutarate hooks up with Coenzyme A to form succinyl CoA. This process releases 2 electrons and H to form NADH. 9) In Reaction 7, succinyl CoA reacts with ADP and Pi to form ATP and succinate. 10) In Reac ...
Respiration - Mayfield City Schools
... • What does the Krebs cycle produce? NADH, FADH2, CO2, and some ATP • Which of these products are important to the electron transport chain? NADH, FADH2, these are the electron carriers that allow for the production of much more ATP ...
... • What does the Krebs cycle produce? NADH, FADH2, CO2, and some ATP • Which of these products are important to the electron transport chain? NADH, FADH2, these are the electron carriers that allow for the production of much more ATP ...
Kreb`s Cycle - Montgomery College
... • Explain how the “slide” of electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the production of ATP by chemiosmosis • Understand the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation • Describe the fate of pyruvate during fermentation • Understand how food mol ...
... • Explain how the “slide” of electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the production of ATP by chemiosmosis • Understand the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation • Describe the fate of pyruvate during fermentation • Understand how food mol ...
3. CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... complete oxidation of one molecules of glucose • One molecule of glucose is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate by glycolysis and the pyruvate is further converted to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase before entering into citric acid cycle. • During this process two more molecules of NADH are av ...
... complete oxidation of one molecules of glucose • One molecule of glucose is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate by glycolysis and the pyruvate is further converted to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase before entering into citric acid cycle. • During this process two more molecules of NADH are av ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.