Enzymes
... glucose even with a low blood [glucose]; a high Km prevents liver from taking up blood glucose when [glucose] is low ...
... glucose even with a low blood [glucose]; a high Km prevents liver from taking up blood glucose when [glucose] is low ...
File
... 26) The purpose of the reactions of fermentation are therefore to replenish the supply of __________ so that glycolysis can continue and produce ATP. ...
... 26) The purpose of the reactions of fermentation are therefore to replenish the supply of __________ so that glycolysis can continue and produce ATP. ...
PPT Nts Cellular Respiration
... fermentation to supply ATP, long distance athletes including cyclists, marathon runners, and cross-country skiers must pace themselves. They must rely on aerobic cellular respiration for most of the race, saving the anaerobic spring for the finish. Training for distance events focuses on increasing ...
... fermentation to supply ATP, long distance athletes including cyclists, marathon runners, and cross-country skiers must pace themselves. They must rely on aerobic cellular respiration for most of the race, saving the anaerobic spring for the finish. Training for distance events focuses on increasing ...
BT02D04 - 09.21.10 - Cell Respiration Continued
... ingredients to produce sugars (glucose) and other organic molecules (key products = glucose and oxygen). – Oxygen gas is a by-product of photosynthesis ...
... ingredients to produce sugars (glucose) and other organic molecules (key products = glucose and oxygen). – Oxygen gas is a by-product of photosynthesis ...
Enzymes
... Enzymes are protein compounds that assist chemical reactions by increasing the rate at which they occur, and lowering the amount of energy used. For example, the food that you eat is broken down by digestive enzymes into tiny pieces that are small enough to travel through your blood stream and enter ...
... Enzymes are protein compounds that assist chemical reactions by increasing the rate at which they occur, and lowering the amount of energy used. For example, the food that you eat is broken down by digestive enzymes into tiny pieces that are small enough to travel through your blood stream and enter ...
BY 330 Spring 2015Worksheet 4 Name the substrate ligand and
... Krebs cycle is active and the cell does not need to go through glycolysis to produce any more pyruvate 5. Describe and explain energy charge and how it is important to the cell. Energy charge is the normal amounts of ATP, ADP, and AMP the cell would like to maintain to have normal processes occur. U ...
... Krebs cycle is active and the cell does not need to go through glycolysis to produce any more pyruvate 5. Describe and explain energy charge and how it is important to the cell. Energy charge is the normal amounts of ATP, ADP, and AMP the cell would like to maintain to have normal processes occur. U ...
Fermentations
... respiration, is that it is a chemoorganotrophic metabolism in which the electrons released by the oxidation of the growth substrate reduce an electron acceptor that is internally generated as a result of the catabolic pathway itself. ...
... respiration, is that it is a chemoorganotrophic metabolism in which the electrons released by the oxidation of the growth substrate reduce an electron acceptor that is internally generated as a result of the catabolic pathway itself. ...
Model of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism
... MATERIALS S2: METABOLIC REACTIONS FLUX EXPRESSIONS The flux expressions for the compartmentalized lumped metabolic reactions that convert substrates to products in the two subcellular compartments (cytosol and mitochondria) in coupled with the energy controller pairs ATP-ADP and NADH-NAD+ are writte ...
... MATERIALS S2: METABOLIC REACTIONS FLUX EXPRESSIONS The flux expressions for the compartmentalized lumped metabolic reactions that convert substrates to products in the two subcellular compartments (cytosol and mitochondria) in coupled with the energy controller pairs ATP-ADP and NADH-NAD+ are writte ...
What is an inference
... What organelle in the cell carries How many total ATP is made out cellular respiration? from one molecule of glucose? ...
... What organelle in the cell carries How many total ATP is made out cellular respiration? from one molecule of glucose? ...
Document
... happens in the cytosol • Acetyl-CoA cannot get across the mitochondrial membrane • At cost of 2 ATP, acetyl-CoA gets across membrane in citrate form ...
... happens in the cytosol • Acetyl-CoA cannot get across the mitochondrial membrane • At cost of 2 ATP, acetyl-CoA gets across membrane in citrate form ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Life is Work Types of
... y So far, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle have produced only 4 ATP molecules per glucose molecule (substrate-level phosphorylation) y 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 NADH y 2 ATP from citric acid cycle + 4 NADH + FADH2 ...
... y So far, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle have produced only 4 ATP molecules per glucose molecule (substrate-level phosphorylation) y 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 NADH y 2 ATP from citric acid cycle + 4 NADH + FADH2 ...
1 acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... produces intermediates which are precursors for fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotide bases, and cholesterol The citric acid cycle may seem like an elaborate way to oxidize acetate into carbon dioxide, but there is chemical logic to the cycle. ...
... produces intermediates which are precursors for fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotide bases, and cholesterol The citric acid cycle may seem like an elaborate way to oxidize acetate into carbon dioxide, but there is chemical logic to the cycle. ...
Stage 4 Digestion: Electron Transport Chain
... Stage 4 Digestion: Electron Transport Chain - ETC Interconnected proteins - named by Roman numerals (on large graphic on back of page) - embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane ETC Jobs 1. Dehydrogenases: Removal of H from NADH and FADH Separation into a high energy electron e- & H+ 2. Proton p ...
... Stage 4 Digestion: Electron Transport Chain - ETC Interconnected proteins - named by Roman numerals (on large graphic on back of page) - embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane ETC Jobs 1. Dehydrogenases: Removal of H from NADH and FADH Separation into a high energy electron e- & H+ 2. Proton p ...
8 Cellular Respiration-An Overview
... dioxide and water. Combustion reactions release large amounts of energy. However, the energy release is uncontrolled. An organism would not be able to handle all that energy at once to do the work of the cell. Cellular respiration is essentially the same reaction as combustion, but the oxidation of ...
... dioxide and water. Combustion reactions release large amounts of energy. However, the energy release is uncontrolled. An organism would not be able to handle all that energy at once to do the work of the cell. Cellular respiration is essentially the same reaction as combustion, but the oxidation of ...
respiration revision quiz
... (…………………..), decide which word/phrase is most appropriate. Respiration is a series of ……………………….-‐catalyzed reactions that release ……………………. from ………………………. molecules in order to synthesize ……………………… . … ...
... (…………………..), decide which word/phrase is most appropriate. Respiration is a series of ……………………….-‐catalyzed reactions that release ……………………. from ………………………. molecules in order to synthesize ……………………… . … ...
Cellular Respiration
... Glycolysis yields 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and each react with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Krebs Cycle- breaks down the acetyl CoA to produce CO2, hydrogen, and ATP. ...
... Glycolysis yields 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and each react with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Krebs Cycle- breaks down the acetyl CoA to produce CO2, hydrogen, and ATP. ...
The Basics of Cellular Respiration
... given off, and NADH is formed • 4) 4C acid is “rearranged” 1ATP, and FADH2 is formed. • 5) 4C acid becomes oxaloacetate, and NADH is formed, The oxaloacetate is involved in a series of reactions and the cycle begins ...
... given off, and NADH is formed • 4) 4C acid is “rearranged” 1ATP, and FADH2 is formed. • 5) 4C acid becomes oxaloacetate, and NADH is formed, The oxaloacetate is involved in a series of reactions and the cycle begins ...
CONCEPT 3 – ENERGY AND METABOLISM 1. Energy a
... a. Makes ATP for cell use; uses glucose and oxygen makes waste products of carbon dioxide and water; occurs in mitochondria; NADH is electron carrier used b. Glycolysis (1) occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic (2) rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP throug ...
... a. Makes ATP for cell use; uses glucose and oxygen makes waste products of carbon dioxide and water; occurs in mitochondria; NADH is electron carrier used b. Glycolysis (1) occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic (2) rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP throug ...
Lecture 11 Krebs Cycle Reactions
... organic molecules in the presence of O2 to produce CO2, H2O and energy in the form of ATP •! But where does O2 participate in the production of CO2 in the Krebs cycle? •! O2 is needed for the reoxidation of the coenzymes produced in the Krebs cycle –! NAD+ serves as an e- acceptor in reactions 3, 4, ...
... organic molecules in the presence of O2 to produce CO2, H2O and energy in the form of ATP •! But where does O2 participate in the production of CO2 in the Krebs cycle? •! O2 is needed for the reoxidation of the coenzymes produced in the Krebs cycle –! NAD+ serves as an e- acceptor in reactions 3, 4, ...
ENZYMES
... 1. Substrate: the substance that is being broken down. 2. Active Site: The place on the enzyme that connects to the substrate. 3. The active site of the enzyme connects to the substrate and breaks it into the products. ...
... 1. Substrate: the substance that is being broken down. 2. Active Site: The place on the enzyme that connects to the substrate. 3. The active site of the enzyme connects to the substrate and breaks it into the products. ...
Enzymes
... Most work BEST at body temperature 37oC DENATURE (change shape) at high temperatures Inactive (doesn’t work that well) at LOW temperature ...
... Most work BEST at body temperature 37oC DENATURE (change shape) at high temperatures Inactive (doesn’t work that well) at LOW temperature ...
Chapter 3 Bioenergetics
... Step 1: Proton gradient is built up as a result of NADH (produced from oxidation reactions) feeding electrons into electron transport system. Step 2: Protons (indicated by + charge) enter back into the mitochondrial matrix through channels in ATP synthase enzyme complex. This entry is coupled to ATP ...
... Step 1: Proton gradient is built up as a result of NADH (produced from oxidation reactions) feeding electrons into electron transport system. Step 2: Protons (indicated by + charge) enter back into the mitochondrial matrix through channels in ATP synthase enzyme complex. This entry is coupled to ATP ...
Biochem lectures
... A-Hydrolases - these include esterases, carbohydrases, nucleases, deaminases, amidases, and proteases B-Hydrases such as fumarase, enolase, aconitase and carbonic anhydrase 2- Transfer of electrons A-Oxidases B-Dehydrogenases 3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharides B-Transp ...
... A-Hydrolases - these include esterases, carbohydrases, nucleases, deaminases, amidases, and proteases B-Hydrases such as fumarase, enolase, aconitase and carbonic anhydrase 2- Transfer of electrons A-Oxidases B-Dehydrogenases 3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharides B-Transp ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.