Respiration
... water gets added to fumarate to form malate in presence of enzyme Fumarase. 9. Malate is dehydrogenated (or oxidized) to produce oxaloacetate in presence of enzyme Malate dehydrogenase. The pair of H atoms passes to NAD forming NADH2. Oxaloacetate combines with another molecule of acetyl CoA to repe ...
... water gets added to fumarate to form malate in presence of enzyme Fumarase. 9. Malate is dehydrogenated (or oxidized) to produce oxaloacetate in presence of enzyme Malate dehydrogenase. The pair of H atoms passes to NAD forming NADH2. Oxaloacetate combines with another molecule of acetyl CoA to repe ...
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Topic 1: Introduction 1. Know the
... Name the enzyme that catalyzes each reaction in glycolysis and specify the enzymes that take part in the regulation of glycolysis. ...
... Name the enzyme that catalyzes each reaction in glycolysis and specify the enzymes that take part in the regulation of glycolysis. ...
Pyruvate to ACETYL coA CC
... • 1 ATP from substrate • Oxaloacetate for use in same cycle again • 2 molecules of CO 2 (which is a waste product that has to be excreted) ...
... • 1 ATP from substrate • Oxaloacetate for use in same cycle again • 2 molecules of CO 2 (which is a waste product that has to be excreted) ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... • Lactate is transported to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate and then, via gluconeogenesis, to glucose. – Why would muscle transport lactate to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate? NAD+ is needed for that step, and the point of making lactate in the first place was because NAD+ was to ...
... • Lactate is transported to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate and then, via gluconeogenesis, to glucose. – Why would muscle transport lactate to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate? NAD+ is needed for that step, and the point of making lactate in the first place was because NAD+ was to ...
Practice Test Chapter 9
... A) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase B) energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system C) No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic. D) energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation E) energy released from A ...
... A) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase B) energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system C) No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic. D) energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation E) energy released from A ...
Macronutrients
... Embedded in the membrane is an enzyme called ATP synthase H+ ions flow through the ATP synthase to “even out” the charges on both sides of the membrane As H+ ions flow through, their energy is used to make ATP from ADP and a ...
... Embedded in the membrane is an enzyme called ATP synthase H+ ions flow through the ATP synthase to “even out” the charges on both sides of the membrane As H+ ions flow through, their energy is used to make ATP from ADP and a ...
Cellular Respiration
... Differ in how NADH is oxidized to NAD+ Pyruvate leads to next step – depends on presence of O2 Cell respiration includes Krebs and ETC, producing ~19x’s more ATP Faculative Anaerobes: can survive using either process ...
... Differ in how NADH is oxidized to NAD+ Pyruvate leads to next step – depends on presence of O2 Cell respiration includes Krebs and ETC, producing ~19x’s more ATP Faculative Anaerobes: can survive using either process ...
Air
... Example: oxidation of 16 C fatty acid palmitoyl-CoA Palmitoyl-CoA + 7 CoASH + 7 FAD + 7 NAD+ + 7 H2O —> 8 AcetylCoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+ Overall reaction, along with downstream oxidation of acetyl-CoA in TCA cycle: Acetyl-CoA + 2 O2 + 10 Pi + 10 ADP —> CoA + 10 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 CO2 ...
... Example: oxidation of 16 C fatty acid palmitoyl-CoA Palmitoyl-CoA + 7 CoASH + 7 FAD + 7 NAD+ + 7 H2O —> 8 AcetylCoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+ Overall reaction, along with downstream oxidation of acetyl-CoA in TCA cycle: Acetyl-CoA + 2 O2 + 10 Pi + 10 ADP —> CoA + 10 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 CO2 ...
What happened to my cousin Patrick O’Neill?
... B: His muscles are not functioning properly. C: He cannot efficiently break down food for energy. D: All of the above are possible causes. ...
... B: His muscles are not functioning properly. C: He cannot efficiently break down food for energy. D: All of the above are possible causes. ...
powerpoint
... – Action is 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)is converted to 5-fluoro-2’deoxyuridylate (dUMP structural analog) – Then 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridylate binds to the enzyme Thymidylate Synthase and undergoes a partial reaction where part of the way through 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridylate forms a covalent bridge between Thy ...
... – Action is 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)is converted to 5-fluoro-2’deoxyuridylate (dUMP structural analog) – Then 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridylate binds to the enzyme Thymidylate Synthase and undergoes a partial reaction where part of the way through 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridylate forms a covalent bridge between Thy ...
Respiration Respiration Respiration
... -energy is released from oxidation reaction in the form of electrons -electrons are shuttled by electron carriers (e.g. NAD+) to an electron transport chain -electron energy is converted to ATP at the electron transport chain ...
... -energy is released from oxidation reaction in the form of electrons -electrons are shuttled by electron carriers (e.g. NAD+) to an electron transport chain -electron energy is converted to ATP at the electron transport chain ...
How Cells Harvest Energy
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
PP Chapter 9 - Trimble County Schools
... • All use glycolysis • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration • Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose ...
... • All use glycolysis • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration • Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose ...
PP Chapter 9 - WordPress.com
... • All use glycolysis • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration • Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose ...
... • All use glycolysis • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration • Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose ...
Exam 2
... B. ____________ cAMP, DAG, and Protein Kinase A are common second messengers in signal transduction cascades. C. ____________ Transition state analogues typically have lower dissociation constants for an enzyme than substrate analogues do. D. ____________ Integral proteins are reversibly anchored in ...
... B. ____________ cAMP, DAG, and Protein Kinase A are common second messengers in signal transduction cascades. C. ____________ Transition state analogues typically have lower dissociation constants for an enzyme than substrate analogues do. D. ____________ Integral proteins are reversibly anchored in ...
The Citric acid cycle - University of Houston
... Why such a complex set of enzymes? 1 Enzymatic reactions rates are limited by diffusion, with shorter distance between subunits a enzyme can almost direct the substrate from one subunit (catalytic site) to another. 2. Channeling metabolic intermediates between ...
... Why such a complex set of enzymes? 1 Enzymatic reactions rates are limited by diffusion, with shorter distance between subunits a enzyme can almost direct the substrate from one subunit (catalytic site) to another. 2. Channeling metabolic intermediates between ...
Xe– + Y → X + Ye–
... Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration. Many carbohydrates can enter glycolysis, most often after conversion to glucose. Amino acids of proteins must be deaminated before being oxidized. The fatty acids of fats undergo beta oxidation to two ...
... Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration. Many carbohydrates can enter glycolysis, most often after conversion to glucose. Amino acids of proteins must be deaminated before being oxidized. The fatty acids of fats undergo beta oxidation to two ...
Uncommon pathways of metabolism among lactic acid bacteria
... NAD+-dependent protein mediates the entire reaction. Because free NADH is not produced by the Lb. plantarum enzyme, the reaction appears to be fundamentally decarboxylative in nature [25,28]. Immunological studies with anti-Lb. plantarum malie enzyme suggests that the antigenic structure of the prot ...
... NAD+-dependent protein mediates the entire reaction. Because free NADH is not produced by the Lb. plantarum enzyme, the reaction appears to be fundamentally decarboxylative in nature [25,28]. Immunological studies with anti-Lb. plantarum malie enzyme suggests that the antigenic structure of the prot ...
Cellular Respiration
... - Throughout glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated to increase its potential energy. The addition of each phosphate group makes the overall molecule more unstable. - Kinases transfer phosphate groups from one molecule to another (whether it be a phosphate group from ATP or from FBP) - Substrate-l ...
... - Throughout glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated to increase its potential energy. The addition of each phosphate group makes the overall molecule more unstable. - Kinases transfer phosphate groups from one molecule to another (whether it be a phosphate group from ATP or from FBP) - Substrate-l ...
Chapter 8
... 3 ATP synthetase harnesses the kinetic energy of the H+ “falling” down its concentration gradient to bond ADP and Pi to form ATP. ...
... 3 ATP synthetase harnesses the kinetic energy of the H+ “falling” down its concentration gradient to bond ADP and Pi to form ATP. ...
BI 200 - Exam #2
... C) Both OH- and H+ accumulate on the inside of the membrane. D) Both OH- and H+ accumulate on the outside of the membrane. 15. As each molecule of pyruvate traverses the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are generated? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 16. The enzyme ammonia monooxygenase is most speci ...
... C) Both OH- and H+ accumulate on the inside of the membrane. D) Both OH- and H+ accumulate on the outside of the membrane. 15. As each molecule of pyruvate traverses the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are generated? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 16. The enzyme ammonia monooxygenase is most speci ...
Chapter 12 Enzymes: The Protein Catalyst
... • 2. A coenzyme attaches to a substrate so that the shape is changed to where it will fit at the active site of the enzyme • 3. The coenzyme is a transfer agent that accepts an atom or molecular group from a substrate and transfers it to another compound • Vitamins and minerals are important coenzym ...
... • 2. A coenzyme attaches to a substrate so that the shape is changed to where it will fit at the active site of the enzyme • 3. The coenzyme is a transfer agent that accepts an atom or molecular group from a substrate and transfers it to another compound • Vitamins and minerals are important coenzym ...
cellular respiration - Aurora City Schools
... What does the first law of thermodynamics state about energy? How do producers get their energy? In which cell organelle does most of the energy processing take place? Draw and label it. What is the main energy carrier molecule in living organisms? ...
... What does the first law of thermodynamics state about energy? How do producers get their energy? In which cell organelle does most of the energy processing take place? Draw and label it. What is the main energy carrier molecule in living organisms? ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.