Exam 2 Key Fa08
... 21. Early research into the mechanisms of photosynthesis hypothesized that O2 is produced by splitting CO2. Describe one experiment that supported the idea that O2 is produced by the splitting of water and not from CO2. (2 pts) [From assigned reading in textbook. Research with photosynthetic bacteri ...
... 21. Early research into the mechanisms of photosynthesis hypothesized that O2 is produced by splitting CO2. Describe one experiment that supported the idea that O2 is produced by the splitting of water and not from CO2. (2 pts) [From assigned reading in textbook. Research with photosynthetic bacteri ...
Chapter 3 Bioenergetics
... Step 1: Proton gradient is built up as a result of NADH (produced from oxidation reactions) feeding electrons into electron transport system. Step 2: Protons (indicated by + charge) enter back into the mitochondrial matrix through channels in ATP synthase enzyme complex. This entry is coupled to ATP ...
... Step 1: Proton gradient is built up as a result of NADH (produced from oxidation reactions) feeding electrons into electron transport system. Step 2: Protons (indicated by + charge) enter back into the mitochondrial matrix through channels in ATP synthase enzyme complex. This entry is coupled to ATP ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative ...
... anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative ...
Name ______ Period ______________ Date ______________
... Because the first product of the cycle is citric acid 8. List the products of the Krebs cycle. CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 9. Briefly explain the electron transport chain reaction in the mitochondria and where it takes place. What fuels the electron transport chain? The ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from the Krebs ...
... Because the first product of the cycle is citric acid 8. List the products of the Krebs cycle. CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 9. Briefly explain the electron transport chain reaction in the mitochondria and where it takes place. What fuels the electron transport chain? The ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from the Krebs ...
unit 1: introduction to biology
... D) there is a net gain of two ATPs per glucose molecule E) oxygen is not required Q. 8: The bridging chemical reaction which links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is A) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B) the oxidation of NADH C) the oxidation of FADH2 D) the conversion of ADP to ATP E) the p ...
... D) there is a net gain of two ATPs per glucose molecule E) oxygen is not required Q. 8: The bridging chemical reaction which links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is A) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B) the oxidation of NADH C) the oxidation of FADH2 D) the conversion of ADP to ATP E) the p ...
Immobilised Enzymes
... • Extra energy is also added as there is an extra bond between the last two phosphate groups. • Addition of a phosphate group like this is called: Phosphorylation • ATP is rich in energy and stores this energy carrying it around in the cell i.e. Energy Carrier. ...
... • Extra energy is also added as there is an extra bond between the last two phosphate groups. • Addition of a phosphate group like this is called: Phosphorylation • ATP is rich in energy and stores this energy carrying it around in the cell i.e. Energy Carrier. ...
chapter9sganswers
... There is a lower concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in the mitochondrial matrix and a higher concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in the Intermembrane space. The ETC protein pumps are pumping H+ from low to high. This requires ENERGY. Think of it as rolling a ball up a hill (low to high) vs. down a ...
... There is a lower concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in the mitochondrial matrix and a higher concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in the Intermembrane space. The ETC protein pumps are pumping H+ from low to high. This requires ENERGY. Think of it as rolling a ball up a hill (low to high) vs. down a ...
Fructose metabolism
... Although the increased glycolytic flux from glucose helps to restore ATP levels, the low levels of Pi continue to be a limiting factor for glycolyis (why?) and ATP levels continue to drop leading to possible liver damage. ...
... Although the increased glycolytic flux from glucose helps to restore ATP levels, the low levels of Pi continue to be a limiting factor for glycolyis (why?) and ATP levels continue to drop leading to possible liver damage. ...
The enzyme
... the actual substrate in the reaction. • Example: for Alcohol:NAD+oxidoreductase EC number is 1.1.1.1 ...
... the actual substrate in the reaction. • Example: for Alcohol:NAD+oxidoreductase EC number is 1.1.1.1 ...
Chapter 19
... - Energy of the oxidation reactions is largely conserved as reducing power (stored electrons) - Coenzymes reduced: NAD+ FAD ...
... - Energy of the oxidation reactions is largely conserved as reducing power (stored electrons) - Coenzymes reduced: NAD+ FAD ...
Harvesting Electrons from the Citric Acid Cycle
... - Energy of the oxidation reactions is largely conserved as reducing power (stored electrons) - Coenzymes reduced: NAD+ FAD ...
... - Energy of the oxidation reactions is largely conserved as reducing power (stored electrons) - Coenzymes reduced: NAD+ FAD ...
Essential Cell Biology FOURTH EDITION
... thioester bond formed between Cys of enzyme and substrate -electrons transferred from substrate to NAD+ -high energy Pi bond replaces high energy thioester bond linking substrate to enzyme ...
... thioester bond formed between Cys of enzyme and substrate -electrons transferred from substrate to NAD+ -high energy Pi bond replaces high energy thioester bond linking substrate to enzyme ...
What happened to my cousin Patrick O’Neill?
... B: His muscles are not functioning properly. C: He cannot efficiently break down food for energy. D: All of the above are possible causes. ...
... B: His muscles are not functioning properly. C: He cannot efficiently break down food for energy. D: All of the above are possible causes. ...
Pg. ___ 4/28 Daily Catalyst
... • Which of the following is an example of a coupling of an endergonic reaction with an endergonic one? A) Unicellular organisms that live in freshwater, such as amoeba, must pump out excess water using their contractile vacuole B) The enzyme lactase binds with lactose to produce molecules of glucos ...
... • Which of the following is an example of a coupling of an endergonic reaction with an endergonic one? A) Unicellular organisms that live in freshwater, such as amoeba, must pump out excess water using their contractile vacuole B) The enzyme lactase binds with lactose to produce molecules of glucos ...
Protein and Lipid Catabolism
... – lack of suitable inorganic electron acceptor or lack of electron transport chain ...
... – lack of suitable inorganic electron acceptor or lack of electron transport chain ...
fatty acid synthesis
... thought to control FA oxidation; ie by making malonyl CoA to decrease activity of acyl-carnitine transferase. Mice lacking ACC2 have less body fat in spite if increased food intake - consistent with enhanced FA oxidation in these animals. Thus, malonyl-CoA produced by ACC-2 is exclusively involved i ...
... thought to control FA oxidation; ie by making malonyl CoA to decrease activity of acyl-carnitine transferase. Mice lacking ACC2 have less body fat in spite if increased food intake - consistent with enhanced FA oxidation in these animals. Thus, malonyl-CoA produced by ACC-2 is exclusively involved i ...
Respiration Respiration Respiration - Anoka
... -energy is released from oxidation reaction in the form of electrons -electrons are shuttled by electron carriers (e.g. NAD+) to an electron transport chain -electron energy is converted to ATP at the electron transport chain ...
... -energy is released from oxidation reaction in the form of electrons -electrons are shuttled by electron carriers (e.g. NAD+) to an electron transport chain -electron energy is converted to ATP at the electron transport chain ...
METABOLIC PATHWAYS Section 6 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF
... d. dihydroxyacetone phosphate converts to 3 phospho-glyceraldehyde with an overall result to convert to two identical three carbon molecules e. 1, 3 diphosphoglycerate forms 2 phosphoglyceric acid and transfers a phosphate radical to ADP forming ATP f. phosphoenolpruvate form pyruvic acid and forms ...
... d. dihydroxyacetone phosphate converts to 3 phospho-glyceraldehyde with an overall result to convert to two identical three carbon molecules e. 1, 3 diphosphoglycerate forms 2 phosphoglyceric acid and transfers a phosphate radical to ADP forming ATP f. phosphoenolpruvate form pyruvic acid and forms ...
Krebs Intro and CycleON
... reduced as it accepts the electron and bonds with H+ to form water. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain shuts down and the Kreb’s cycle shuts down causing fermentation to take over. ...
... reduced as it accepts the electron and bonds with H+ to form water. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain shuts down and the Kreb’s cycle shuts down causing fermentation to take over. ...
Syllabus for BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES
... Note that some of the arrows in the pathway point in both directions, indicating that these reactions are reversible; for the reactions catalyzed by E1, E3, and E4, the direction is determined by the concentration of substrate and product for that particular reaction. In contrast, the arrow for t ...
... Note that some of the arrows in the pathway point in both directions, indicating that these reactions are reversible; for the reactions catalyzed by E1, E3, and E4, the direction is determined by the concentration of substrate and product for that particular reaction. In contrast, the arrow for t ...
Key concepts for Essay #1
... ___Ring Compounds w/Fe (porphyrin ring) ___Changing Oxidation states as "go down" assembly ___Fe III -> Fe II change ionic state as accept electrons ___Release energy in "packets" - small amounts sufficient to produce ATP (about 7 kcal/mole) ___Occurs at 3 places in the chain for each NADH, FADH2 __ ...
... ___Ring Compounds w/Fe (porphyrin ring) ___Changing Oxidation states as "go down" assembly ___Fe III -> Fe II change ionic state as accept electrons ___Release energy in "packets" - small amounts sufficient to produce ATP (about 7 kcal/mole) ___Occurs at 3 places in the chain for each NADH, FADH2 __ ...
Ch. 8 Enzymes as catalysts Glucokinase is typical enzyme:
... • Ligases synthesize C-C, C-S, C-O and C-N bonds; Fig. 8.18 ...
... • Ligases synthesize C-C, C-S, C-O and C-N bonds; Fig. 8.18 ...
Cellular Energy
... mitochondria. Pyruvic acid diffuses through the double membrane into the matrix. Here, the 2 pyruvic acid molecules will undergo a series of reactions. The end result is that the pyruvic acid is broken down into 6 CO2. ...
... mitochondria. Pyruvic acid diffuses through the double membrane into the matrix. Here, the 2 pyruvic acid molecules will undergo a series of reactions. The end result is that the pyruvic acid is broken down into 6 CO2. ...
The Cell, 5e
... • Other functional group participates directly in reaction • Depends on enzyme for specificity of substrate, catalysis ...
... • Other functional group participates directly in reaction • Depends on enzyme for specificity of substrate, catalysis ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.