Cellular Respiration PPT
... Cellular Respiration Since animals cannot create food they eat plants, or they eat plant-eating animals. Plants and animals get energy from food by cellular respiration. Occurs in the mitochondria, of the cell. Oxygen is used to get the energy out of sugar. ...
... Cellular Respiration Since animals cannot create food they eat plants, or they eat plant-eating animals. Plants and animals get energy from food by cellular respiration. Occurs in the mitochondria, of the cell. Oxygen is used to get the energy out of sugar. ...
HEMOGLOBIN
... ACP is used mostly to detect prostatic carcinoma when it may reach very high level. In benign hypertrophy of prostate ACP is normal. ...
... ACP is used mostly to detect prostatic carcinoma when it may reach very high level. In benign hypertrophy of prostate ACP is normal. ...
Enzymes: Molecules That Speed Up Reactions - juan-roldan
... which is the energy required to break down existing bonds between atoms Enzymes speed up two types of reactions: 1. Exergonic Reactions 2. Endergonic Reactions ...
... which is the energy required to break down existing bonds between atoms Enzymes speed up two types of reactions: 1. Exergonic Reactions 2. Endergonic Reactions ...
Communication
... impermeable to reduced NAD. For this reason a shunt mechanism moves hydrogen ions from reduced NAD made during glycolysis, to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The hydrogens are carried in by another chemical than then becomes reoxidised, reducing NAD that is already in the mitoch ...
... impermeable to reduced NAD. For this reason a shunt mechanism moves hydrogen ions from reduced NAD made during glycolysis, to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The hydrogens are carried in by another chemical than then becomes reoxidised, reducing NAD that is already in the mitoch ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
Nutrition and metabolism
... Role of coenzymes 1. When hydrogen and electrons are being transferred from one compound to another, which compounds will accept them? 2. Coenzymes – Organic compounds (enzyme with a vitamin) – NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) (niacin) – FAD – (flavin adenine dinucleotide) (flavin) ...
... Role of coenzymes 1. When hydrogen and electrons are being transferred from one compound to another, which compounds will accept them? 2. Coenzymes – Organic compounds (enzyme with a vitamin) – NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) (niacin) – FAD – (flavin adenine dinucleotide) (flavin) ...
Chapter 8 - Energy and Enzymes
... A hydrogen ion gradient is also used to produce ATP in the chloroplast (diagram below). In this case, sunlight provides energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. The energy of their movement back into the stroma by osmotic pressure is used to produce ATP. The enzyme that uses a hydrogen ion ...
... A hydrogen ion gradient is also used to produce ATP in the chloroplast (diagram below). In this case, sunlight provides energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. The energy of their movement back into the stroma by osmotic pressure is used to produce ATP. The enzyme that uses a hydrogen ion ...
Respiration
... 1- Glycolysis (splitting glucose): harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to 2-pyruvate • During glycolysis, glucose (a six carbon-sugar) is split into two molecules (each is three-carbon sugar). • These smaller sugars are oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate. • Each of ...
... 1- Glycolysis (splitting glucose): harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to 2-pyruvate • During glycolysis, glucose (a six carbon-sugar) is split into two molecules (each is three-carbon sugar). • These smaller sugars are oxidized and rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate. • Each of ...
Enzymes
... The total number of enzymes in our bodies can only be speculated on; the number of individual enzyme molecules is virtually inestimable Hundreds of thousands of reactions are taking place in the cells of your body as you read this page. - Your central nervous system is busy processing this informati ...
... The total number of enzymes in our bodies can only be speculated on; the number of individual enzyme molecules is virtually inestimable Hundreds of thousands of reactions are taking place in the cells of your body as you read this page. - Your central nervous system is busy processing this informati ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... In each turn of the cycle, on acetyl froup enters as acetyl-CoA and two Co2 leave; 1 OAA used and 1 OAA generated; NADH and FADH2, GTP or ATP 2. Four or five carbon intermediate serve as precursor of biomolecule 3. In eucaryotes, cycle takes place in mitochondria - the site of most energyyielding ox ...
... In each turn of the cycle, on acetyl froup enters as acetyl-CoA and two Co2 leave; 1 OAA used and 1 OAA generated; NADH and FADH2, GTP or ATP 2. Four or five carbon intermediate serve as precursor of biomolecule 3. In eucaryotes, cycle takes place in mitochondria - the site of most energyyielding ox ...
Enzyme Kinetics
... • Proximity/orientation effect • Transition State Stabilization • Electrostatic catalysis ...
... • Proximity/orientation effect • Transition State Stabilization • Electrostatic catalysis ...
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
... 19. A function of the glyoxylate cycle, in conjunction with the citric acid cycle, is to accomplish the: A) complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2 plus reduced coenzymes. B) net conversion of lipid to carbohydrate. C) net synthesis of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids from acetyl-CoA. D) net synthesis ...
... 19. A function of the glyoxylate cycle, in conjunction with the citric acid cycle, is to accomplish the: A) complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2 plus reduced coenzymes. B) net conversion of lipid to carbohydrate. C) net synthesis of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids from acetyl-CoA. D) net synthesis ...
Lecture 7
... b The second stage, the Krebs cycle and a few steps before it, occurs inside mitochondria. The 2 pyruvates are broken down to CO2, which leaves the cell. During the reactions, 8 NAD+ and 2 FAD pick up electrons and hydrogen atoms, so 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 form. 2 ATP also form. c The third and final st ...
... b The second stage, the Krebs cycle and a few steps before it, occurs inside mitochondria. The 2 pyruvates are broken down to CO2, which leaves the cell. During the reactions, 8 NAD+ and 2 FAD pick up electrons and hydrogen atoms, so 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 form. 2 ATP also form. c The third and final st ...
oxidative phosphorylation
... 1- It contains complexes - I, II, III, IV, V. which carry out oxidative phosphorylation which in turn generates ATP. These complexes I, II, III, IV form the respiratory chain. 2- It contains also complex - V (the ATP –synthetase) which carries out ATP – synthesis . 3- The inner membrane folds to for ...
... 1- It contains complexes - I, II, III, IV, V. which carry out oxidative phosphorylation which in turn generates ATP. These complexes I, II, III, IV form the respiratory chain. 2- It contains also complex - V (the ATP –synthetase) which carries out ATP – synthesis . 3- The inner membrane folds to for ...
Enzymes
... (1) An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are in the same area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on. (2) The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The ...
... (1) An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are in the same area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on. (2) The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The ...
Enzymes
... (1) An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are in the same area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on. (2) The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The ...
... (1) An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are in the same area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on. (2) The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The ...
Enzymes worksheet
... (1) An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are in the same area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on. (2) The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The ...
... (1) An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are in the same area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on. (2) The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The ...
Oxidation of Cytoplasmic Reduced NAD (NADH+H )
... equivalents from cytosolic NADH+H into the mitochondrion to be oxidized via the electron transport chain. The shuttle involves two different glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (glycerol-3PDH): one is cytosolic, acting to produce glycerol-3-phosphate from dihydroxyactone phosphate (DHAP), and the ot ...
... equivalents from cytosolic NADH+H into the mitochondrion to be oxidized via the electron transport chain. The shuttle involves two different glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (glycerol-3PDH): one is cytosolic, acting to produce glycerol-3-phosphate from dihydroxyactone phosphate (DHAP), and the ot ...
Bacterial Physiology Lec-7 Energy Release and Conservation
... Microorganisms usually use one of the two sources of energy . Three major kinds of electron acceptors are used by chemotrophs. Energy yielding metabolism can make use of exogenous or externally derived electron acceptors this metabolic process is called respiration which may be divided into two diff ...
... Microorganisms usually use one of the two sources of energy . Three major kinds of electron acceptors are used by chemotrophs. Energy yielding metabolism can make use of exogenous or externally derived electron acceptors this metabolic process is called respiration which may be divided into two diff ...
Enzymes Worksheet - Ms. Perez`s Science
... This worksheet will be due at the beginning of class on the day of the test. 1. a) Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words in the box below. i) Enzymes are biological ………………… that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. ii) Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made u ...
... This worksheet will be due at the beginning of class on the day of the test. 1. a) Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words in the box below. i) Enzymes are biological ………………… that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. ii) Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made u ...
Enzymes - SBI4UAssumption
... Some enzymes require co-factors or co-enzymes to help them function properly. Co-factors are inorganic, non protein molecules that include zinc, iron, and copper. These metal ions can either bind to the active site or to the substrate to facilitate the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. ...
... Some enzymes require co-factors or co-enzymes to help them function properly. Co-factors are inorganic, non protein molecules that include zinc, iron, and copper. These metal ions can either bind to the active site or to the substrate to facilitate the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. ...
Enzymes Review Packet
... 4. a) Fill in the missing words in the following text about enzymes and digestion, using the words in the box below Not all enzymes work inside cells in the body. ………………… enzymes are produced by specialized cells in the pancreas and digestive tract. From there, the enzymes pass out of the cells, int ...
... 4. a) Fill in the missing words in the following text about enzymes and digestion, using the words in the box below Not all enzymes work inside cells in the body. ………………… enzymes are produced by specialized cells in the pancreas and digestive tract. From there, the enzymes pass out of the cells, int ...
Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis
... ~Ancient metabolic pathway used by the earliest bacteria ~This pathway existed about 1 million years before oxygen existed on the earths surface. ~Basically, glycolysis is a set of chemical reactions that produce energy (in the form of ATP) from the sugar glucose. ~In the 10 steps of glycolysis gluc ...
... ~Ancient metabolic pathway used by the earliest bacteria ~This pathway existed about 1 million years before oxygen existed on the earths surface. ~Basically, glycolysis is a set of chemical reactions that produce energy (in the form of ATP) from the sugar glucose. ~In the 10 steps of glycolysis gluc ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.