Energy
... Once this phosphate is formed, glucose is trapped within the cell because phosphorylated molecules cannot cross the cell membrane. Like the first step in many metabolic pathways, the formation of glucose-6-phosphate is highly exergonic and not reversible in the glycolytic pathway, thereby committing ...
... Once this phosphate is formed, glucose is trapped within the cell because phosphorylated molecules cannot cross the cell membrane. Like the first step in many metabolic pathways, the formation of glucose-6-phosphate is highly exergonic and not reversible in the glycolytic pathway, thereby committing ...
Document
... Cell Respiration - series cytoplasmic & mitochondrial - linked enzymatic pathways - stepwise OXIDATION food molecules- makes ATP physiological view: uptake of O2 & release of CO2 biochemical view: O2 consumption, CO2 production ...
... Cell Respiration - series cytoplasmic & mitochondrial - linked enzymatic pathways - stepwise OXIDATION food molecules- makes ATP physiological view: uptake of O2 & release of CO2 biochemical view: O2 consumption, CO2 production ...
Cellular Respiration
... • The ETC is a series of proteins located in the mitochondrial membrane. • It uses high energy electrons from the NADH and FADH2 provided by the Krebs Cycle to move H+(protons) across the concentration gradient. • These protons pass back down the concentration gradient through ATP synthase to form A ...
... • The ETC is a series of proteins located in the mitochondrial membrane. • It uses high energy electrons from the NADH and FADH2 provided by the Krebs Cycle to move H+(protons) across the concentration gradient. • These protons pass back down the concentration gradient through ATP synthase to form A ...
ADP-ribosyltransferases: plastic tools for inactivating protein and
... 7. Residues governing ADPRT target specificity The conserved topology of the active site crevice indicates that modern ADPRTs diverged from a primordial ADPRT, yielding a family of enzymes with a conserved NAD-binding fold but diverse target specificities for ADP-ribosylation (Bazan and Koch-Nolte, ...
... 7. Residues governing ADPRT target specificity The conserved topology of the active site crevice indicates that modern ADPRTs diverged from a primordial ADPRT, yielding a family of enzymes with a conserved NAD-binding fold but diverse target specificities for ADP-ribosylation (Bazan and Koch-Nolte, ...
Fermentation
... oxidative respiration is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and its energy is further transferred into a proton gradient used for ATP production. During fermentation, on the other hand, glucose is only partly oxidized to pyruvate through glycolysis, and the ...
... oxidative respiration is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and its energy is further transferred into a proton gradient used for ATP production. During fermentation, on the other hand, glucose is only partly oxidized to pyruvate through glycolysis, and the ...
PowerPoint 簡報
... 3. Three major metabolic pathways are used by bacteria to catabolize glucose: Glycolysis (EMP pathway), TCR cycle, & Pentose phosphate pathway ...
... 3. Three major metabolic pathways are used by bacteria to catabolize glucose: Glycolysis (EMP pathway), TCR cycle, & Pentose phosphate pathway ...
Executive Stress Formula
... enzymes will catalyze different reactions. Structurally, enzymes are complex molecules that are comprised of amino acid chains and can sometimes include co-factors which assist the enzyme in the chemical reaction. Some enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature and can be destroyed if ex ...
... enzymes will catalyze different reactions. Structurally, enzymes are complex molecules that are comprised of amino acid chains and can sometimes include co-factors which assist the enzyme in the chemical reaction. Some enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature and can be destroyed if ex ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Summary of the citric acid cycle For each acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle: (1) Two molecules of CO2 are released (2) Coenzymes NAD+ and FAD are reduced (3) One GDP (or ADP) is phosphorylated (4) The initial acceptor molecule oxaloacetate is reformed ...
... Summary of the citric acid cycle For each acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle: (1) Two molecules of CO2 are released (2) Coenzymes NAD+ and FAD are reduced (3) One GDP (or ADP) is phosphorylated (4) The initial acceptor molecule oxaloacetate is reformed ...
Examination questions
... 7. Regulation of the catalytic activity of enzymes by covalent modification (namely conversions of proenzymes, reversible phosphorylations, activation of proteinkinases). Allosteric proteins and enzymes (cooperativity, allosteric activation and inhibition). 8. The roles of hydrogen and oxygen in th ...
... 7. Regulation of the catalytic activity of enzymes by covalent modification (namely conversions of proenzymes, reversible phosphorylations, activation of proteinkinases). Allosteric proteins and enzymes (cooperativity, allosteric activation and inhibition). 8. The roles of hydrogen and oxygen in th ...
2 NADH + H + 4 ATPs
... Proteins that function as biological catalysts by lowering the energy of activation and speeding up chemical processes Enzymes are substrate specific, much like a lock and key Enzymes catalyze reactions without being changed ...
... Proteins that function as biological catalysts by lowering the energy of activation and speeding up chemical processes Enzymes are substrate specific, much like a lock and key Enzymes catalyze reactions without being changed ...
BIOCHEMISTRY I Spring 2013 (General medicine, Dental
... 7. Regulation of the catalytic activity of enzymes by covalent modification (namely conversions of proenzymes, reversible phosphorylations, activation of proteinkinases). Allosteric proteins and enzymes (cooperativity, allosteric activation and inhibition). 8. The roles of hydrogen and oxygen in th ...
... 7. Regulation of the catalytic activity of enzymes by covalent modification (namely conversions of proenzymes, reversible phosphorylations, activation of proteinkinases). Allosteric proteins and enzymes (cooperativity, allosteric activation and inhibition). 8. The roles of hydrogen and oxygen in th ...
Metabolism Teaching Notes ***Print off slides 7,12,13, 16, 20, 23, 24
... by gaining electrons (i.e. they converted from NAD+ or FADH respectively by being reduced) during glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation and Kreb’s Cycle. o NADH and FADH2 are then fed into electron transport system where they are oxidized slowly and thus lose their electrons slowly to create proton m ...
... by gaining electrons (i.e. they converted from NAD+ or FADH respectively by being reduced) during glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation and Kreb’s Cycle. o NADH and FADH2 are then fed into electron transport system where they are oxidized slowly and thus lose their electrons slowly to create proton m ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... The reaction rate for the citric acid cycle Increases when high levels of ADP or NAD+ activate isocitrate dehydrogenase and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Decreases when high levels of ATP or NADH inhibit isocitrate dehydrogenase. Decreases when high levels of NADH or succinyl–CoA inhibit -ketogluta ...
... The reaction rate for the citric acid cycle Increases when high levels of ADP or NAD+ activate isocitrate dehydrogenase and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Decreases when high levels of ATP or NADH inhibit isocitrate dehydrogenase. Decreases when high levels of NADH or succinyl–CoA inhibit -ketogluta ...
Micro 260 Fall 2009 Name: ___ Allan Keys ____ Tools: You may
... Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation and creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO 3) group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or guanosine diphosphate (GDP) fro ...
... Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation and creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO 3) group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or guanosine diphosphate (GDP) fro ...
Cellular respiration
... • Carbon atoms of glucose have all been carried away as CO2 and exhaled • Energy lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is a source of substances for synthesis of fats and nonessential amino acids ...
... • Carbon atoms of glucose have all been carried away as CO2 and exhaled • Energy lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is a source of substances for synthesis of fats and nonessential amino acids ...
File
... to drive cellular work (in this case, ATP synthesis) the H+ gradient was set-up by the ETC H+ diffuse back into the matrix (down their concentration gradient) through a channel protein called ATP Synthase the energy released from the exergonic flow of H+ ions activates the ATP Synthase (an enz ...
... to drive cellular work (in this case, ATP synthesis) the H+ gradient was set-up by the ETC H+ diffuse back into the matrix (down their concentration gradient) through a channel protein called ATP Synthase the energy released from the exergonic flow of H+ ions activates the ATP Synthase (an enz ...
Lecture_3_17012017
... The fact that ATP, NADH, FADH2 and coenzyme A all contain adenosine diphosphate units may be a reflection of the role of RNA in early metabolism. In the postulated RNA world, RNA served both as a catalyst and an ...
... The fact that ATP, NADH, FADH2 and coenzyme A all contain adenosine diphosphate units may be a reflection of the role of RNA in early metabolism. In the postulated RNA world, RNA served both as a catalyst and an ...
- Free Documents
... The absorbed amino acids are absorbed into the blood and transported to the liver. Glutamate is the major donor of amino groups in amino acid biosynthesis and ketoglutarate is the major acceptor of amino groups. In the stomach proteins are converted into shorter peptide fragments but few free amino ...
... The absorbed amino acids are absorbed into the blood and transported to the liver. Glutamate is the major donor of amino groups in amino acid biosynthesis and ketoglutarate is the major acceptor of amino groups. In the stomach proteins are converted into shorter peptide fragments but few free amino ...
Slideshow
... Sucrose + water glucose + fructose • For the reaction to take place a number of things must happen. • 1st the sucrose & water must collide with sufficient energy to form glucose & fructose. • The energy of the products must be less than that of the substrates. • An initial boost of energy is neede ...
... Sucrose + water glucose + fructose • For the reaction to take place a number of things must happen. • 1st the sucrose & water must collide with sufficient energy to form glucose & fructose. • The energy of the products must be less than that of the substrates. • An initial boost of energy is neede ...
Metabolic Managers
... Ex. Ship vs. shipmate – different number and type Ex. Ship vs. Hips – different sequence ...
... Ex. Ship vs. shipmate – different number and type Ex. Ship vs. Hips – different sequence ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Overview All living
... Chapter Review, Page 104 Testing Your Knowledge, Page 105 Key Terms glycolysis Citric acid (Krebs) cycle electron transport systems pyruvate mitochondria cytoplasm ...
... Chapter Review, Page 104 Testing Your Knowledge, Page 105 Key Terms glycolysis Citric acid (Krebs) cycle electron transport systems pyruvate mitochondria cytoplasm ...
Energy and Metabolism
... undergo the Kreb’s cycle to make more energy molecules. It uses NAD because it becomes reduced to NADH. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Citric Acid Cycle In the mitochondria Oxygen, pyruvate, and acetate (in the form of Acetyl CoA) It uses pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) and it also uses ...
... undergo the Kreb’s cycle to make more energy molecules. It uses NAD because it becomes reduced to NADH. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Citric Acid Cycle In the mitochondria Oxygen, pyruvate, and acetate (in the form of Acetyl CoA) It uses pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) and it also uses ...
11/6/11 10:49 PM Metabolism Poster Questions: Answer the
... might each of these have on the different types of metabolism (C3, C4, and CAM that plants do)? Temperature goes up, more photorespiration C3 benefits most from CO2 up CAM benefits most from temperature up 49. Since metabolism consists of an inter-related series of chemical reactions and must also h ...
... might each of these have on the different types of metabolism (C3, C4, and CAM that plants do)? Temperature goes up, more photorespiration C3 benefits most from CO2 up CAM benefits most from temperature up 49. Since metabolism consists of an inter-related series of chemical reactions and must also h ...
Sol: A process of physio
... Mechanism of Electron transport system – Glucose molecule is completely oxidized by the end of the citric acid cycle. The energy is not released unless NADH and FADH are oxidized through the ETS. The oxidation means ‘removal of electrons from it’. Metabolic pathway through which the electron passes ...
... Mechanism of Electron transport system – Glucose molecule is completely oxidized by the end of the citric acid cycle. The energy is not released unless NADH and FADH are oxidized through the ETS. The oxidation means ‘removal of electrons from it’. Metabolic pathway through which the electron passes ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.