Download 2 NADH + H + 4 ATPs

Human Physiology Unit
Two
Enzymes
Proteins that function as biological
catalysts by lowering the energy of
activation and speeding up chemical
processes
Enzymes are substrate specific, much
like a lock and key
Enzymes catalyze reactions without
being changed
Enzymes
How they work!
Enzymes
How they work!
Enzymes
Cofactors
inorganic metal ions
Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and others
change the shape of the enzyme
Enzymes
Coenzymes
organic molecules derived from
vitamins
NAD+ and FAD+ and others
carry H+ and small molecules
Enzymes
Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created or
destroyed, but can change forms
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
When energy changes forms it
becomes more disordered (entropy)
CO2 + H2O + E
C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + O2
Cellular respiration
CO2 + H2O + E
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + E
C6H12O6 + O2
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O + E
Cellular respiration
This energy is used to form ATP!
Heat
Heat
Glucose
Glucose
ATP
ATP
Adenosine
triphosphate
The fuel of
living cells
Energy released to do work in cell
Energy released from food (glucose)
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions in a body
that involve the transfer of energy
Anabolic - building up reactions
- require energy
(endergonic)
Catabolic - tearing down reactions
- release energy
(exergonic)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
ATP production is the goal of cell
respiration!
One molecule of glucose yields 36
ATPs!
This process is actually four:
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Transition Reaction
Electron Transport
System
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
In:
1 glucose 2
ATPs
Anaerobic respiration – no oxygen
Out:
2 NADH + H+
4 ATPs (2 net)
2 pyruvic acids (C3)
Anaerobic respiration – no oxygen
Mitochondrion
No oxygen
present
OR
Ethanol
Mitochondrion
Transition
Reaction
In:
2 pyruvic acids (C3)
Decarboxylation – 2 CO2
Out:
2 NADH + H+
(C2)
Aerobic respiration – oxygen is present
2 Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
Mitochondrion
In:
2 acetyl CoA (C2)
Out:
Decarboxylation – 4 CO2
Aerobic respiration – oxygen is present
6 NADH + H+
FADH2
ATPs
2
2
Electron Transport System
Mitochondrion
In:
2 NADH + H+ (Glycolysis)
2 NADH + H+
(Transition Reaction) 6 NADH + H+ (Krebs Cycle)
2 FADH2 (Krebs Cycle)
X 2 = 4 ATPs
X 3 = 6 ATPs
X 3 = 18 ATPs
X 2 = 4 ATPs
----------32 ATPs
Oxygen is the final H+
acceptor
Out:
32 ATPs
6 H2O
Aerobic respiration – oxygen is present
ATP production is the goal of cell
respiration!
Glycolysis – 2 ATPs
Transition Reaction
– 0 ATPs
Krebs Cycle – 2 ATPs
Electron Transport System – 32 ATPs
One molecule of glucose yields 36
ATPs!
Definitions
Glycogen – the animal storage form of
glucose
Dehydration synthesis – the
assembling of organic molecules by
extracting water
Hydrolysis – the breaking up of
organic molecules using water
Dehydration
Synthesis
and
Hydrolysis
Definitions
Glycogenesis – the formation of
glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis – the conversion of
glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis – the conversion of
non-carbohydrates into glucose
Gluconeogenesis - Fats
Gluconeogenesis - Proteins
Gluconeogenesis
Organ Energy Sources
Examples of Lipid Anabolism
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids (cholesterol,
sex hormones, etc.)
Prostaglandins
Waxes
Examples of Protein Anabolism
Glycoproteins
Hemoglobin
Enzymes
Collagen
Antibodies