UNIT 7 Mitochondria and hepatic detoxification
... The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that mitochondria have evolved from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • cardiolipin •transporters • ribosomes • circular RNA ...
... The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that mitochondria have evolved from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • cardiolipin •transporters • ribosomes • circular RNA ...
Generalities Main amino acid reactions
... Proteins are the polypeptides formed by sequences of amino acids General formula of the a-amino acids NH2-CH-COOH R The amino acids occupy a central position in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds ...
... Proteins are the polypeptides formed by sequences of amino acids General formula of the a-amino acids NH2-CH-COOH R The amino acids occupy a central position in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds ...
File
... Explain cellular respiration and its three stages: glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain. Know where each stage of cellular respiration takes place. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration and identify the reactants and products. ...
... Explain cellular respiration and its three stages: glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain. Know where each stage of cellular respiration takes place. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration and identify the reactants and products. ...
File - Pomp
... • FMN and CoQ carry 2 H atoms each • Cytochromes: proteins containing heme carry only e-'s ...
... • FMN and CoQ carry 2 H atoms each • Cytochromes: proteins containing heme carry only e-'s ...
Project: Create Your Own Enzyme!
... Background: There are multiple chemical reactions that are catalyzed by different enzymes. Many enzymes are involved in digestion. Different types of enzymes are used to digest different types of food molecules. For example, lipase breaks down lipids, sucrose breaks down sucrose, and lactase breaks ...
... Background: There are multiple chemical reactions that are catalyzed by different enzymes. Many enzymes are involved in digestion. Different types of enzymes are used to digest different types of food molecules. For example, lipase breaks down lipids, sucrose breaks down sucrose, and lactase breaks ...
Enzymes and How They Work
... Enzymes and How They Work A. Enzymes are: 1) Proteins- long folded chain of amino acids 2) Catalysts- chemicals which speed up a reaction without being consumed B. Properties of enzymes: 1) Speed up reactions 2) Can be used over and over, only needed in small amount 3) Decrease amount of energy nee ...
... Enzymes and How They Work A. Enzymes are: 1) Proteins- long folded chain of amino acids 2) Catalysts- chemicals which speed up a reaction without being consumed B. Properties of enzymes: 1) Speed up reactions 2) Can be used over and over, only needed in small amount 3) Decrease amount of energy nee ...
ATP? - MCC Year 12 Biology
... Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules releasing energy in the form of ATP ...
... Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules releasing energy in the form of ATP ...
Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme Regulation
... major changes within its body. In living cells, there are different kinds of enzymes working together. Living cells synthesis or break down molecules for normal metabolism and growth. Enzyme regulation is one example. Enzymes are used to catalyze (speed up) reactions within the body. The regulation ...
... major changes within its body. In living cells, there are different kinds of enzymes working together. Living cells synthesis or break down molecules for normal metabolism and growth. Enzyme regulation is one example. Enzymes are used to catalyze (speed up) reactions within the body. The regulation ...
Chapter Nine - The Krebs Cycle
... • Hans Kreb discovered its cyclic nature • Goes by three names – Citric acid cycle – Tricarboxylic cycle – Krebs cycle ...
... • Hans Kreb discovered its cyclic nature • Goes by three names – Citric acid cycle – Tricarboxylic cycle – Krebs cycle ...
Water soluble vitamins
... -synthesis of methionine from homocysteine -synthesis of creatin, cholin -synthesis of phospholipids -synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleic acids Symptoms: -hyperchromic megaloblastic anemia (malignant, pernicious, Addison-Birmer disease) -fatty dystrophy of nervous cells, neurological d ...
... -synthesis of methionine from homocysteine -synthesis of creatin, cholin -synthesis of phospholipids -synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleic acids Symptoms: -hyperchromic megaloblastic anemia (malignant, pernicious, Addison-Birmer disease) -fatty dystrophy of nervous cells, neurological d ...
Fermentation EnBio
... then ATP will be produced using the energy of the high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. Some living systems use an organic molecule as the nal electron acceptor. Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH are collectively referred t ...
... then ATP will be produced using the energy of the high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. Some living systems use an organic molecule as the nal electron acceptor. Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH are collectively referred t ...
Cellular Respiration Review
... Reward= 2 ATP for glycolysis. Lactic acid fermentation: Only one step in lactic acid/lactate fermentation: the conversion of 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis into 2 lactates. Like alcoholic fermentation, NADH gives up its hydrogen to form NAD+ which can be recycled and used in glycolysis ...
... Reward= 2 ATP for glycolysis. Lactic acid fermentation: Only one step in lactic acid/lactate fermentation: the conversion of 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis into 2 lactates. Like alcoholic fermentation, NADH gives up its hydrogen to form NAD+ which can be recycled and used in glycolysis ...
Cellular Respiration www.AssignmentPoint.com Cellular respiration
... combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell due to slow release of energy from the series of reactions. ...
... combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell due to slow release of energy from the series of reactions. ...
Metabolism: Citric acid cycle
... Aconitase reacts stereo-specifically, which means that the two carbon atoms from acetyl CoA end up at the bottom of isocitrate. In an experiment a carbon atom of pyruvate is labelled with 14C. After how many cycles does this carbon atom first appear in released CO2, and in which step? A. Methyl carb ...
... Aconitase reacts stereo-specifically, which means that the two carbon atoms from acetyl CoA end up at the bottom of isocitrate. In an experiment a carbon atom of pyruvate is labelled with 14C. After how many cycles does this carbon atom first appear in released CO2, and in which step? A. Methyl carb ...
General Chemistry 110 Quiz 1
... metabolic choices and how the cell decides which path to follow. b. The hormonal regulation of blood glucose and the effect it has on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. Mention any organs involved in this process as well as hormones. c. The Cori cycle and the reason for it. Make s ...
... metabolic choices and how the cell decides which path to follow. b. The hormonal regulation of blood glucose and the effect it has on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. Mention any organs involved in this process as well as hormones. c. The Cori cycle and the reason for it. Make s ...
Bacterial Classification
... – Enzymes are biological catalysts – Catalysts are agents which speed up a reaction – Enzymes are very specific – Enzymes are typically proteins – Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction ...
... – Enzymes are biological catalysts – Catalysts are agents which speed up a reaction – Enzymes are very specific – Enzymes are typically proteins – Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction ...
WATER SOLUBLE VITA
... Daily requirement: 14-25 mg Is formed in the intestine (by microorganisms) and cells from tryptophan Food: liver, meat, fish, black bread, yeast, eggs ...
... Daily requirement: 14-25 mg Is formed in the intestine (by microorganisms) and cells from tryptophan Food: liver, meat, fish, black bread, yeast, eggs ...
Slide 1
... Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate In glycolysis, – a single molecule of ____________ is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps, – two molecules of _____________ are produced, – two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of ____________, and ...
... Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate In glycolysis, – a single molecule of ____________ is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps, – two molecules of _____________ are produced, – two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of ____________, and ...
Microbes in the Biosphere - Bio@Tech
... • Higher-energy molecules are oxidized (lose electrons) • Lower-energy molecules are reduced (gain electrons) • G = -nFE (kJ/mol) – n = # e- transferred – F = Faraday constant – E = redox potential difference ...
... • Higher-energy molecules are oxidized (lose electrons) • Lower-energy molecules are reduced (gain electrons) • G = -nFE (kJ/mol) – n = # e- transferred – F = Faraday constant – E = redox potential difference ...
AKA TCA CYCLE, KREB`S CYCLE
... -metabolizes dietary pentose sugars from digestion of nucleic acids 3. NADPH •same as NADH, but w/ 2' P on one of the ribose groups •metabolically different: -NAD+/NADH pair function w/enzymes that oxidize substrates -NADP+/NADPH pair function with enzxymes that reduce substrates •use: for example, ...
... -metabolizes dietary pentose sugars from digestion of nucleic acids 3. NADPH •same as NADH, but w/ 2' P on one of the ribose groups •metabolically different: -NAD+/NADH pair function w/enzymes that oxidize substrates -NADP+/NADPH pair function with enzxymes that reduce substrates •use: for example, ...
Metabolic Pathways - University of California, Santa Barbara
... molecule of NADH produces ___________ molecules of ATP and 1 molecule of FADH2 produces ____________ molecules of ATP. Therefore for each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle ____________ molecules of ATP are produced. For every 1 molecule of glucose that is catabolized _________ ...
... molecule of NADH produces ___________ molecules of ATP and 1 molecule of FADH2 produces ____________ molecules of ATP. Therefore for each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle ____________ molecules of ATP are produced. For every 1 molecule of glucose that is catabolized _________ ...
Sept 19th Lecture 4
... – interactions typically involve groups of a few amino acids on the active site Catalyze the conversion of substrate to product. – A single enzyme molecule can catalyze thousands or more reactions a second. – Enzymes are unaffected by the reaction and are reusable. ...
... – interactions typically involve groups of a few amino acids on the active site Catalyze the conversion of substrate to product. – A single enzyme molecule can catalyze thousands or more reactions a second. – Enzymes are unaffected by the reaction and are reusable. ...
Part A: Multiple Choice (10 marks- Knowledge) - OISE-IS
... b) Explain what happens to the pyruvate molecules in this case and what happens to the compound that is formed? (2 marks) ...
... b) Explain what happens to the pyruvate molecules in this case and what happens to the compound that is formed? (2 marks) ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, in contrast to other enzymes of the TCA cycle which are dissolved in the mitochondrial matrix • Complex of polypeptides, FAD and iron-sulfur clusters ...
... • Located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, in contrast to other enzymes of the TCA cycle which are dissolved in the mitochondrial matrix • Complex of polypeptides, FAD and iron-sulfur clusters ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.