* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Bacterial Classification
Gaseous signaling molecules wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Metabolic network modelling wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Enzyme inhibitor wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacometabolomics wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide wikipedia , lookup
Phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial Metabolism Introduction Enzymes Energy Production Bacterial Catabolism Bacterial Metabolism Introduction – Metabolism - sum of all chemical reactions in cell – Anabolism - reactions that synthesize or “build up” e.g. protein synthesis – Catabolism - reactions that digest or “break down” e.g. starch to glucose Bacterial Metabolism Enzyme Introduction Enzyme Components Enzyme Mechanism Factors Influencing Enzymes Bacterial Metabolism Enzyme Introduction – Enzymes are biological catalysts – Catalysts are agents which speed up a reaction – Enzymes are very specific – Enzymes are typically proteins – Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction Bacterial Metabolism Enzymes work to lower activation energy Bacterial Metabolism Enzyme Components – Cofactor - nonprotein component that is part of enzyme, e.g. Fe, NAD+, biotin – Apoenzyme - protein portion of enzyme – Holoenzyme - Cofactor plus apoenzyme Bacterial Metabolism How enzymes speed up reactions – – – – – Proximity Orientation Induced fit Reactive groups Cofactors Bacterial Metabolism Enzyme Mechanism – Substrate binds to active site; lock & key specificity; induced fit – Formation of enzyme-substrate complex – Catalytic activity; localized acid or base or induced fit Bacterial Metabolism Bacterial Metabolism Factors Influencing Enzymes – – – – Temperature pH Salt concentration Inhibitors » Competitive (active site) » Non - Competitive (allosteric) – Feedback Inhibition Bacterial Metabolism Energy Production – Oxidation / Reduction reactions – Role of ATP – Phosphorylation » Substrate » Oxidative » Photo- Bacterial Metabolism Oxidation / Reduction – – – – Oxidation - loss of electrons Reduction - gain of electrons Redox reactions always coupled Oxidation of reduced carbon tends to be energetically favorable Bacterial Metabolism Carbon Oxidation/Reduction – – – – – Carbon Dioxide CO2 Acid (Formic Acid HCO2) Aldehyde (Formaldehyde - H2CO) Alcohol (Methanol - H3COH) Methane CH4 (+4) (+2) (0) (-2) (-4) Bacterial Metabolism Oxidation States – – – – Alcohols Fats Organic Acids (acetic acid) Glucose Bacterial Metabolism Role of ATP – ATP ADP + Pi – Energy intermediate or “currency” – Hydrolysis of ATP “coupled” to energetically unfavorable reactions Bacterial Metabolism Bacterial Metabolism Glucose + Pi Glucose-6-PO4 + H2O ΔG = +13.8 kJ/mol, Keq = 5 x 10-3 ATP + H20 ADP + Pi ΔG = -30.5 kJ/mol, Keq = 4 x 105 Glucose + ATP Glucose-6-PO4 + ADP ΔG = (-30.5 kJ/mol) + (+13.8 kJ/mol) = -16.7 kJ/mol Bacterial Metabolism Phosphorylation – Substrate - direct transfer of phosphate from an organic molecule to ADP – Oxidative - ATP generated via chemiosmosis (“proton pump”) and ATP synthase – Photo - light energy from photosynthesis, a modification of chemiosmosis Bacterial Metabolism Bacterial Catabolism – Carbohydrate catabolism has two functions: » energy production and/or storage » generation of chemical intermediates – Cellular respiration and fermentation – Includes three processes: » Glycolysis » Kreb’s or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle » Electron transport /oxidative phosphorylation