Option C: Cells & Energy
... 3. Oxidation: 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to 2NADH + 2H+; so the triose phosphate is oxidized. The energy is used to add another phosphate group to each triose. NADH can enter the electron transport chain in the mitochondria and be used to produce more ATP in the process called oxidative phospho ...
... 3. Oxidation: 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to 2NADH + 2H+; so the triose phosphate is oxidized. The energy is used to add another phosphate group to each triose. NADH can enter the electron transport chain in the mitochondria and be used to produce more ATP in the process called oxidative phospho ...
CHAPTER-III CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. In addition, the cycle provides precursors including certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous biochemical reactions. Its central ...
... organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. In addition, the cycle provides precursors including certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous biochemical reactions. Its central ...
Cellular respiration
... Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is a kind of catabolic reaction by wich chemical bond energy of organic molecule is released as ATP, the fuel used by all living things and heat energy. Cellular respiration is braking down glucose (sugars) wich are made in process of photosynthesis. There a ...
... Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is a kind of catabolic reaction by wich chemical bond energy of organic molecule is released as ATP, the fuel used by all living things and heat energy. Cellular respiration is braking down glucose (sugars) wich are made in process of photosynthesis. There a ...
Biochem01 - Amit Kessel Ph.D
... 10. You notice a slimy patch of goo on your carpet. It seems as if the goo is eating away at your carpet. Being an awesome biochemist, you figure out bacteria are feeding off your carpet. But wait, your carpet is made of nylon! How can this be? Perhaps the landfill and nuclear power plant next to yo ...
... 10. You notice a slimy patch of goo on your carpet. It seems as if the goo is eating away at your carpet. Being an awesome biochemist, you figure out bacteria are feeding off your carpet. But wait, your carpet is made of nylon! How can this be? Perhaps the landfill and nuclear power plant next to yo ...
Lecture 08 Notes
... 4. Five chemical steps – disassembles one two-‐carbon acetyl CoA into two CO2 molecules, while reducing one FAD molecule and three NAD+ molecules 5. Each step involves a separate enzyme 6. Net energy produc ...
... 4. Five chemical steps – disassembles one two-‐carbon acetyl CoA into two CO2 molecules, while reducing one FAD molecule and three NAD+ molecules 5. Each step involves a separate enzyme 6. Net energy produc ...
overview, inorgs, trace nutrients
... • These vitamins are cofactors for a large number of reaction schemes that derive energy from food and produce essential biosynthetic intermediates and products. • The symptoms of deficiencies are not unique, and it is difficult to assign a given symptom to a particular missing vitamin. • Currently, ...
... • These vitamins are cofactors for a large number of reaction schemes that derive energy from food and produce essential biosynthetic intermediates and products. • The symptoms of deficiencies are not unique, and it is difficult to assign a given symptom to a particular missing vitamin. • Currently, ...
Chapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS Living cells require a
... What is respiration? It is a cellular catabolic process, in which the organic food substances (Glucose﴿ are oxidized completely or partially with or without using oxygen, resulting in the formation of ATP molecules. The energy present in the chemical bonds of glucose molecule will be transferred to ...
... What is respiration? It is a cellular catabolic process, in which the organic food substances (Glucose﴿ are oxidized completely or partially with or without using oxygen, resulting in the formation of ATP molecules. The energy present in the chemical bonds of glucose molecule will be transferred to ...
Cellular Metabolism
... The chemiosmotic theory of ATP production is based on the fact that ATP production in the mitochondria involves chemical processes and active and passive transport processes across the semi-permeable inner mitochondrial membrane. The chemical part involves release of the energy as the electrons pass ...
... The chemiosmotic theory of ATP production is based on the fact that ATP production in the mitochondria involves chemical processes and active and passive transport processes across the semi-permeable inner mitochondrial membrane. The chemical part involves release of the energy as the electrons pass ...
4.2 Respiration – Page 1 S. Preston 1 From the
... 5. The link reaction involves the conversion of pyruvate to acetate as a result of the loss of carbon dioxide followed by the removal of hydrogen by the reduction of NAD (oxidative decarboxylation); the acetyl then combines with co-enzyme A. The link reaction takes place in the matrix of the mitocho ...
... 5. The link reaction involves the conversion of pyruvate to acetate as a result of the loss of carbon dioxide followed by the removal of hydrogen by the reduction of NAD (oxidative decarboxylation); the acetyl then combines with co-enzyme A. The link reaction takes place in the matrix of the mitocho ...
Cell Respiration - Oxidative Phosphorylation Gibb`s Free Energy PPT
... Protein complex of electron carriers ...
... Protein complex of electron carriers ...
Cellular Respiration Part IV: Oxidative Phosphorylation
... Protein complex of electron carriers ...
... Protein complex of electron carriers ...
BIE 5810 - Chapter 5, Part I
... (2) Efficiency in utilizing total energy potentially available from glucose: E= 14,600 cal__ = 2% (typical of fermentations) 686,.000 cal 1. (p. 139) TCA cycle main functions: 1. provide e (NADH) for electron transport chain and biosynthesis 2. supply C skeletons for AMINO ACID synthesis 3. generate ...
... (2) Efficiency in utilizing total energy potentially available from glucose: E= 14,600 cal__ = 2% (typical of fermentations) 686,.000 cal 1. (p. 139) TCA cycle main functions: 1. provide e (NADH) for electron transport chain and biosynthesis 2. supply C skeletons for AMINO ACID synthesis 3. generate ...
ppt-file
... producing lysine [4]. 2 modes only use glucose as a substrate (yield: ¾), five modes only use acetate, and 29 use both. The optimal lysine over glucose yield of ¾ coincides with earlier results obtained by metabolite balancing in [3]. It is understandable that the yield is lower than when ATP and AD ...
... producing lysine [4]. 2 modes only use glucose as a substrate (yield: ¾), five modes only use acetate, and 29 use both. The optimal lysine over glucose yield of ¾ coincides with earlier results obtained by metabolite balancing in [3]. It is understandable that the yield is lower than when ATP and AD ...
Reactions of the TCA Cycle
... Synthesis of citrate from acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate Isomerization of Citrate Oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidative decarboxylation of α- ketoglutarate Cleavage of Succinyl CoA Oxidation of succinate Hydration of fumerate Oxidation of malate ...
... Synthesis of citrate from acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate Isomerization of Citrate Oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidative decarboxylation of α- ketoglutarate Cleavage of Succinyl CoA Oxidation of succinate Hydration of fumerate Oxidation of malate ...
Chapter 27 Bioenergetics: How the Body Converts Food to Energy
... 27.71 All the sources of energy used for ATP synthesis are not completely known at this time. Most of the energy comes from proton translocation. Some energy for proton pumping comes also from breaking the covalent bond of oxygen (reduction of oxygen to water). 27.72 (a) There are two decarboxylatio ...
... 27.71 All the sources of energy used for ATP synthesis are not completely known at this time. Most of the energy comes from proton translocation. Some energy for proton pumping comes also from breaking the covalent bond of oxygen (reduction of oxygen to water). 27.72 (a) There are two decarboxylatio ...
PASS MOCK EXAM
... 32. Which of the following statements about cholesterol is FALSE? a. Buffers fluidity at high temperatures by increasing melting point b. Buffers fluidity at low temperatures by preventing tail interactions c. Buffers fluidity at high temperatures by restricting movement of phospholipids d. None of ...
... 32. Which of the following statements about cholesterol is FALSE? a. Buffers fluidity at high temperatures by increasing melting point b. Buffers fluidity at low temperatures by preventing tail interactions c. Buffers fluidity at high temperatures by restricting movement of phospholipids d. None of ...
StangBio
... raw materials for synthesis fuels for energy controlled release of energy “burning” fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions ...
... raw materials for synthesis fuels for energy controlled release of energy “burning” fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions ...
The Process of Cellular Respiration
... • Occurs if oxygen is NOT present: anaerobic • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not • But there must be a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons • Since NADH can not transfer electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain, the electrons are transferred to pyruvate i ...
... • Occurs if oxygen is NOT present: anaerobic • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not • But there must be a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons • Since NADH can not transfer electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain, the electrons are transferred to pyruvate i ...
Cellular Respiration
... concludes with two molecules of another organic compound, called pyruvate (3-C). A net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP ...
... concludes with two molecules of another organic compound, called pyruvate (3-C). A net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP ...
Introduction - Cedar Crest College
... Then QH2 cannot be oxidized back to Q, and soon all the Q is reduced. This continues until the entire respiratory chain is reduced. NAD+ and FAD are not generated from their reduced form. Pyruvate oxidation stops, due to a lack of NAD+. Likewise, the citric acid cycle stops, and if the cell has no o ...
... Then QH2 cannot be oxidized back to Q, and soon all the Q is reduced. This continues until the entire respiratory chain is reduced. NAD+ and FAD are not generated from their reduced form. Pyruvate oxidation stops, due to a lack of NAD+. Likewise, the citric acid cycle stops, and if the cell has no o ...
Cell respiration -2
... • Several steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. • NADH passes these electrons to the electron transport chain. ...
... • Several steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. • NADH passes these electrons to the electron transport chain. ...
Introduction - Evergreen State College Archives
... Then QH2 cannot be oxidized back to Q, and soon all the Q is reduced. This continues until the entire respiratory chain is reduced. NAD+ and FAD are not generated from their reduced form. Pyruvate oxidation stops, due to a lack of NAD+. Likewise, the citric acid cycle stops, and if the cell has no o ...
... Then QH2 cannot be oxidized back to Q, and soon all the Q is reduced. This continues until the entire respiratory chain is reduced. NAD+ and FAD are not generated from their reduced form. Pyruvate oxidation stops, due to a lack of NAD+. Likewise, the citric acid cycle stops, and if the cell has no o ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.