Cellular Respiration
... The cyanide ion (CN-) binds irreversibly to the enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of cytochrome a (cytochrome oxidase) As a result, cyanide stops the flow of electrons essential to oxidative phosphorylation. This prevents the re-oxidation of NADH and FADH and thus the production of the majority of ...
... The cyanide ion (CN-) binds irreversibly to the enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of cytochrome a (cytochrome oxidase) As a result, cyanide stops the flow of electrons essential to oxidative phosphorylation. This prevents the re-oxidation of NADH and FADH and thus the production of the majority of ...
Formation of pyruvic acid (P
... 12-The H atoms removed in the successive dehydrogenations are accepted by corresponding coenzymes. Reduced coenzymes transfer the reducing equivalents to electron-transport system, where oxidative phosphorylation product ATP molecules. ...
... 12-The H atoms removed in the successive dehydrogenations are accepted by corresponding coenzymes. Reduced coenzymes transfer the reducing equivalents to electron-transport system, where oxidative phosphorylation product ATP molecules. ...
Learning Objectives
... 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the c ...
... 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the c ...
Electron Transport Chain
... (including plant and animal cells) have mitochondria _______________ for cellular respiration Prokaryotes All __________________ (bacteria) have their electron transport enzymes attached to their Cell membranes _____________________ ...
... (including plant and animal cells) have mitochondria _______________ for cellular respiration Prokaryotes All __________________ (bacteria) have their electron transport enzymes attached to their Cell membranes _____________________ ...
Chapter 15 Review Worksheet and Key
... Calculate the net number of ATPs produced when one 18-carbon fatty acid salt is activated, enters the mitochondrion, and undergoes complete β oxidation. Include the ATP formed from acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle, and ATP from all of the reduced coenzymes that are produced. Activation in the fir ...
... Calculate the net number of ATPs produced when one 18-carbon fatty acid salt is activated, enters the mitochondrion, and undergoes complete β oxidation. Include the ATP formed from acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle, and ATP from all of the reduced coenzymes that are produced. Activation in the fir ...
A) Choose the correct answer: B)Complete: 1) L
... (b) Water soluble vitamins are not involved (c) Increased concentration of 2, 4 Dinitrophenol decrease P/O ratio to zero (d) Calcium inhibit the ATP synthase enzyme. 5) A high energy phosphate bond is found in: a) 1.3-diphosphoglycerate b) Glucose-1-phosphate c) Glucose-6-phosphate d) None of the ab ...
... (b) Water soluble vitamins are not involved (c) Increased concentration of 2, 4 Dinitrophenol decrease P/O ratio to zero (d) Calcium inhibit the ATP synthase enzyme. 5) A high energy phosphate bond is found in: a) 1.3-diphosphoglycerate b) Glucose-1-phosphate c) Glucose-6-phosphate d) None of the ab ...
Anaerobic Respiration Gibb`s Free Energy PPT
... • Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the me ...
... • Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the me ...
LIPIDS - Biochemistry Notes
... DIGESTIVE MECHANISM FOR LIPIDS The average lipid intake is about 80g/day, of which more than 90% is triacylglycerol (TAG); the remainder consists of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, free fatty acids 1. In the stomach: ...
... DIGESTIVE MECHANISM FOR LIPIDS The average lipid intake is about 80g/day, of which more than 90% is triacylglycerol (TAG); the remainder consists of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, free fatty acids 1. In the stomach: ...
Sample exam questions Chapter 11 Carbohydrates
... 24) All of the following statements concerning the citric acid cycle are true EXCEPT A. The cycle starts with the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate, adds two carbons from acetyl-CoA, stepwise loses two carbons as CO2, and regenerated the fourcarbon compound oxaloacetate. B. For each molecule of gluc ...
... 24) All of the following statements concerning the citric acid cycle are true EXCEPT A. The cycle starts with the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate, adds two carbons from acetyl-CoA, stepwise loses two carbons as CO2, and regenerated the fourcarbon compound oxaloacetate. B. For each molecule of gluc ...
Chapter 7
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
The Physiological Roles of Enzymes
... the RNA molecule is removed while the parts on either side of this intron are reconnected. b. Other RNA molecules that do not undergo self-splicing can act on other molecules as substrates are true catalysts. i. Ribonuclease P cleaves transfer RNA precursors to their mature ...
... the RNA molecule is removed while the parts on either side of this intron are reconnected. b. Other RNA molecules that do not undergo self-splicing can act on other molecules as substrates are true catalysts. i. Ribonuclease P cleaves transfer RNA precursors to their mature ...
Cell Energy
... and inner membrane because of a pH and electric charge difference. This difference allows the H+ to flow through channels called ATP synthase using diffusion. As H+ flows through the channels ATP is formed from ADP and a phosphate. ...
... and inner membrane because of a pH and electric charge difference. This difference allows the H+ to flow through channels called ATP synthase using diffusion. As H+ flows through the channels ATP is formed from ADP and a phosphate. ...
2chap9guidedreadingVideo
... 4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced? HINT: In organic chemistry the electrons in redox reactions are usually between C and H so if a carbon compound has H in it, it is reduced and has potential energy. ...
... 4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced? HINT: In organic chemistry the electrons in redox reactions are usually between C and H so if a carbon compound has H in it, it is reduced and has potential energy. ...
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
... 0 The chemicals that start a chemical reaction are the reactants. 0 The chemicals produced by a chemical reaction are called products. ...
... 0 The chemicals that start a chemical reaction are the reactants. 0 The chemicals produced by a chemical reaction are called products. ...
Lecture Power Point
... •It is a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane. •These H+ ions are used to produce ATP, as they move back across the membrane. ...
... •It is a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane. •These H+ ions are used to produce ATP, as they move back across the membrane. ...
Text 5- Pre and Post Reading Activities Enzymes
... called biotechnology. There are great benefits in using enzymes as catalysts to make products. They can be some 10,000 times more efficient than ordinary inorganic catalysts used in industry. One enzyme molecule can catalyse 10 million reactions in a single second! They also work at relatively low t ...
... called biotechnology. There are great benefits in using enzymes as catalysts to make products. They can be some 10,000 times more efficient than ordinary inorganic catalysts used in industry. One enzyme molecule can catalyse 10 million reactions in a single second! They also work at relatively low t ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... regenerated for glycolysis to continue. How is cytosolic NADH reoxidized under aerobic conditions? NADH cannot simply pass into mitochondria for oxidation by the respiratory chain, because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. The solution is that electrons from NADH, rat ...
... regenerated for glycolysis to continue. How is cytosolic NADH reoxidized under aerobic conditions? NADH cannot simply pass into mitochondria for oxidation by the respiratory chain, because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. The solution is that electrons from NADH, rat ...
File E-Leraning : METABOLISME
... electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. • “osmosis” • After chemiosmosis, ATP molecules are transported through both mitochondrial membranes. ...
... electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. • “osmosis” • After chemiosmosis, ATP molecules are transported through both mitochondrial membranes. ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... • The molecules of electron transport chains are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria – The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial ...
... • The molecules of electron transport chains are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria – The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial ...
enzyme
... Enzymes are proteins (made up of amino acids) Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of reactions. Enzymes can act rapidly and can cause chemicals to act 107 times faster than without the enzyme present. There are over 2000 known enzymes, each of which is involved with one specific chemi ...
... Enzymes are proteins (made up of amino acids) Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of reactions. Enzymes can act rapidly and can cause chemicals to act 107 times faster than without the enzyme present. There are over 2000 known enzymes, each of which is involved with one specific chemi ...
Utilization of purines as nitrogen source by facultative phototrophic
... and 2500 lux. At different times, samples were withdrawn from the suspension and analyzed for NI-~ and uri~acid. Because of the lack of a carbon source, the A6~0 of the cell suspension did not increase significancy during 3 days. The ratio between the NI~ libe~ted and the uric acid degraded ranged f ...
... and 2500 lux. At different times, samples were withdrawn from the suspension and analyzed for NI-~ and uri~acid. Because of the lack of a carbon source, the A6~0 of the cell suspension did not increase significancy during 3 days. The ratio between the NI~ libe~ted and the uric acid degraded ranged f ...
The electron transport chain is a part of cellular respiration. The
... (B) The drug prevents enzymes from splitting glucose into pyruvic acid during glycolysis and prevents the production of ATP during substrate-level phosphorylation. ...
... (B) The drug prevents enzymes from splitting glucose into pyruvic acid during glycolysis and prevents the production of ATP during substrate-level phosphorylation. ...
Cellular Respiration PPT 12-13-Cooke
... – NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons that go through the ETC – O2 is the final electron acceptor creating H2O – Hydrogen ions are pumped through the ATP synthase to create ATP ...
... – NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons that go through the ETC – O2 is the final electron acceptor creating H2O – Hydrogen ions are pumped through the ATP synthase to create ATP ...
WEEK 8 - WordPress.com
... Electrons are removed from PYRUVATE by NAD+ = Pyruvate is OXIDIZED One prep reaction per pyruvate = 2 acetyl-CoA ...
... Electrons are removed from PYRUVATE by NAD+ = Pyruvate is OXIDIZED One prep reaction per pyruvate = 2 acetyl-CoA ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.