Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation
... requiring biological processes. It is used and converted to ADP+ Pi in the cytoplasm, however, the inner mitochondrial membrane requires specialized carriers to transport ADP and Pi from cytoplasm to mitochondria where it is synthesized again by an enzyme called ATP- synthetase. This enzyme complex ...
... requiring biological processes. It is used and converted to ADP+ Pi in the cytoplasm, however, the inner mitochondrial membrane requires specialized carriers to transport ADP and Pi from cytoplasm to mitochondria where it is synthesized again by an enzyme called ATP- synthetase. This enzyme complex ...
Chapter 8 Lecture Notes - Science Learning Center
... Cell Respiration The overall reaction for cell respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (this reaction is the reverse of photosynthesis) There are three stages to cell respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation. ...
... Cell Respiration The overall reaction for cell respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (this reaction is the reverse of photosynthesis) There are three stages to cell respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation. ...
Non-competitive
... • Isoenzyme: an enzyme that occurs in multiple forms; each catalyzes the same reaction Example: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate The enzyme is a tetramer of H and M chains. H4 is present predominately in heart muscle. M4 is present predominantly in the liver ...
... • Isoenzyme: an enzyme that occurs in multiple forms; each catalyzes the same reaction Example: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate The enzyme is a tetramer of H and M chains. H4 is present predominately in heart muscle. M4 is present predominantly in the liver ...
biochem
... hyperventilate .Lab investigations reveal metabolic acidosis, increased anion gap and high lactate levels. These findings are best explained by low activity of ...
... hyperventilate .Lab investigations reveal metabolic acidosis, increased anion gap and high lactate levels. These findings are best explained by low activity of ...
Transamination, Deamination,urea cycle
... • Glutamate ---the only amino acid that undergoes rapid oxidative deamination ...
... • Glutamate ---the only amino acid that undergoes rapid oxidative deamination ...
File
... in tumor cells Tumor cells have a higher requirement for glucose due to a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose ...
... in tumor cells Tumor cells have a higher requirement for glucose due to a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose ...
Enzyme Notes Name: . What are enzymes? • Enzymes are which act
... The ______________ of an enzyme is so specific that generally only one enzyme will work for one substrate(s). The fit is so exact that the active site and substrate(s) act like a ______________________________. After undergoing a reaction in the enzyme-substrate complex, the changed substrate is rel ...
... The ______________ of an enzyme is so specific that generally only one enzyme will work for one substrate(s). The fit is so exact that the active site and substrate(s) act like a ______________________________. After undergoing a reaction in the enzyme-substrate complex, the changed substrate is rel ...
Cellular Respiration – Chapter 7 – Lesson 2 – Aerobic Cellular
... There, the following three changes occur to each pyruvate molecules: 1. A CO2 is removed from each pyruvate and released as a waste product. o This step is the source of onethird of the carbon dioxide that you breathe out. 2. The remaining 2carbon portions are oxidized by NAD+ o Each NAD+ molecul ...
... There, the following three changes occur to each pyruvate molecules: 1. A CO2 is removed from each pyruvate and released as a waste product. o This step is the source of onethird of the carbon dioxide that you breathe out. 2. The remaining 2carbon portions are oxidized by NAD+ o Each NAD+ molecul ...
I. Introduction to class
... energy from sugars or other organic molecules. Does not require oxygen, but may occur in its presence. Does not require Krebs cycle or an electron transport chain. Final electron acceptor is organic molecule. Inefficient. Produces a small amount of ATP for each molecule of food. (1 or 2 ATPs ...
... energy from sugars or other organic molecules. Does not require oxygen, but may occur in its presence. Does not require Krebs cycle or an electron transport chain. Final electron acceptor is organic molecule. Inefficient. Produces a small amount of ATP for each molecule of food. (1 or 2 ATPs ...
Cellular Respiration - MF011 General Biology 2 (May 2011 Semester)
... Both processes use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration Cellular respiration produces 38 ATP per glucose molecule; ...
... Both processes use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration Cellular respiration produces 38 ATP per glucose molecule; ...
Ch18.doc
... 5. Both alanine and lactate have to be converted to pyruvate. From lactate, it is the lactate dehydrogenase reaction (1 NADH), then pyruvate gets oxidized by pyruvate dehydrogenase (1 NADH) and one turn of the CAC: yielding 3NADH, 1FADH2 and 1 GTP. Converting NADH and FADH2 to ATPs we use 1 NADH = 2 ...
... 5. Both alanine and lactate have to be converted to pyruvate. From lactate, it is the lactate dehydrogenase reaction (1 NADH), then pyruvate gets oxidized by pyruvate dehydrogenase (1 NADH) and one turn of the CAC: yielding 3NADH, 1FADH2 and 1 GTP. Converting NADH and FADH2 to ATPs we use 1 NADH = 2 ...
What do you know about Cellular Respiration?
... Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
... Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
Chem 306 Ch 19 Enzymes Spring 2007
... • They are extremely effective, increasing reaction rates from 106 to 1012 times. • Most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant (called a substrate) to produce products ...
... • They are extremely effective, increasing reaction rates from 106 to 1012 times. • Most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant (called a substrate) to produce products ...
C6H12O6 + 6 O2* 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
... 1 Glucose (2 pyruvates) goes through 2 Citric Acid Cycles ...
... 1 Glucose (2 pyruvates) goes through 2 Citric Acid Cycles ...
1 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Introduction
... mitochondrial steps that require O2 – the citric acid cycle in mitochondrial matrix produces some ATP, but mostly strips out CO2 and produces energy shuttles – oxidative phosphorylation produces many ATP ...
... mitochondrial steps that require O2 – the citric acid cycle in mitochondrial matrix produces some ATP, but mostly strips out CO2 and produces energy shuttles – oxidative phosphorylation produces many ATP ...
Lecture Test 3 Review Sheet Chapter 6 Be able to define energy
... Know the definition of metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism. Know the difference between and endergonic and exergonic reaction. Know what ATP is, and how it is used to drive endergonic reactions using “coupled” reactions. Know what an enzyme is, and what the definition of a catalyst is. Know what a ...
... Know the definition of metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism. Know the difference between and endergonic and exergonic reaction. Know what ATP is, and how it is used to drive endergonic reactions using “coupled” reactions. Know what an enzyme is, and what the definition of a catalyst is. Know what a ...
Lecture 8 - Harford Community College
... Oxidation-Reduction reactions • Oxidation: the loss of electrons • Reduction: the gain of electrons • Redox reactions: when both occur at the same time • When electrons removed from a compound protons often follow (H+) • Oxidation: loss of a hydrogen atom • Reduction: gain of a hydrogen atom ...
... Oxidation-Reduction reactions • Oxidation: the loss of electrons • Reduction: the gain of electrons • Redox reactions: when both occur at the same time • When electrons removed from a compound protons often follow (H+) • Oxidation: loss of a hydrogen atom • Reduction: gain of a hydrogen atom ...
Slide 1
... Energy stored in NADH & FADH2 as electrons from the metabolic pathways is used for ATP synthesis by the process of oxidative phosphorylation When NADH and FADH2 are re-oxidized to NAD+ and FAD, the electrons released from them are transferred through a chain of electron carrier complexes (redox pro ...
... Energy stored in NADH & FADH2 as electrons from the metabolic pathways is used for ATP synthesis by the process of oxidative phosphorylation When NADH and FADH2 are re-oxidized to NAD+ and FAD, the electrons released from them are transferred through a chain of electron carrier complexes (redox pro ...
1 Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism 2
... Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain Photophosphorylation Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a sys ...
... Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain Photophosphorylation Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a sys ...
Bacterial Physiology Lec-8 Catabolism: Tricarboxylic acid cycle
... Many bacteria have electron transport chains that can operate with exogenous electron acceptors other than O2. The major electron acceptors are nitrate , sulfate and CO2 but metals and a few organic molecules can also be reduced. Some bacteria can use nitrate as the electron acceptor at the end of t ...
... Many bacteria have electron transport chains that can operate with exogenous electron acceptors other than O2. The major electron acceptors are nitrate , sulfate and CO2 but metals and a few organic molecules can also be reduced. Some bacteria can use nitrate as the electron acceptor at the end of t ...
Enzymes - TeacherWeb
... • Proteins (ex: enzymes) are made up of DIFFERENT amino acids sequences (orders) • Each amino acid has different functional groups (R groups) • Different R groups in active site allow enzyme to bind different substrates ...
... • Proteins (ex: enzymes) are made up of DIFFERENT amino acids sequences (orders) • Each amino acid has different functional groups (R groups) • Different R groups in active site allow enzyme to bind different substrates ...
File
... (1) enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up the rates of chemical reactions (2) enzymes are molecules that break down proteins (3) enzymes are chemical reactions that occur in cells (4) enzymes are structures on the cell membrane that bind to chemical signals 2. Which condition is necessary for ...
... (1) enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up the rates of chemical reactions (2) enzymes are molecules that break down proteins (3) enzymes are chemical reactions that occur in cells (4) enzymes are structures on the cell membrane that bind to chemical signals 2. Which condition is necessary for ...
Cellular Respiration - Liberty Union High School District
... free O2 2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis) eukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago (aerobic respiration = organelles mitochondria) ...
... free O2 2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis) eukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago (aerobic respiration = organelles mitochondria) ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.