Bil 255 – CMB
... “Beta-Oxidation Cycle” Four steps for these dehydrogenase enzymes... a) dehydrogenation w FAD --> FADH2 b) hydration - addition of water c) dehydration w NAD --> NADH ...
... “Beta-Oxidation Cycle” Four steps for these dehydrogenase enzymes... a) dehydrogenation w FAD --> FADH2 b) hydration - addition of water c) dehydration w NAD --> NADH ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation
... During electron transport, energy released is used to transport H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane to create an electrochemical gradient ...
... During electron transport, energy released is used to transport H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane to create an electrochemical gradient ...
Exam 2
... Figure 10.5 (a) The energy of activation is a barrier that prevents molecules from undergoing otherwise favorable reactions. (b) Enzymes lower the energy of activation barrier, allowing the reaction to proceed. ...
... Figure 10.5 (a) The energy of activation is a barrier that prevents molecules from undergoing otherwise favorable reactions. (b) Enzymes lower the energy of activation barrier, allowing the reaction to proceed. ...
Work and Energy in Muscles
... glucose molecule is over 10 times that produced in anaerobic metabolism. However, the rate of aerobic ATP production is much lower than that of direct phosphorylation of ADP or anaerobic glycolysis. Muscle activity must therefore be adjusted to the reduced tempo of high-energy phosphate synthesis. T ...
... glucose molecule is over 10 times that produced in anaerobic metabolism. However, the rate of aerobic ATP production is much lower than that of direct phosphorylation of ADP or anaerobic glycolysis. Muscle activity must therefore be adjusted to the reduced tempo of high-energy phosphate synthesis. T ...
Oxidation
... • Occurs in the stroma • It involves Calvins cycle • Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) (5c), binds to an incoming CO2 --Carbon fixing catalyzed by enzyme RuBP carboxylase,( rubisco) , thus forming an unstable 6C compound. • It breaks down into 2 (3c) compounds – glycerate-3-phosphate. • glycerate-3-phosph ...
... • Occurs in the stroma • It involves Calvins cycle • Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) (5c), binds to an incoming CO2 --Carbon fixing catalyzed by enzyme RuBP carboxylase,( rubisco) , thus forming an unstable 6C compound. • It breaks down into 2 (3c) compounds – glycerate-3-phosphate. • glycerate-3-phosph ...
National 4- Production of cheese
... pH’s which are very different from an enzymes optimum will denature the enzyme. e.g. Catalase will work from pH 7 to 11 but works best at pH 9. Most enzymes work best at pH 7 with pepsin being an exception as it works best at pH 2-3. Optimum conditions The temperature at which an enzyme is most ac ...
... pH’s which are very different from an enzymes optimum will denature the enzyme. e.g. Catalase will work from pH 7 to 11 but works best at pH 9. Most enzymes work best at pH 7 with pepsin being an exception as it works best at pH 2-3. Optimum conditions The temperature at which an enzyme is most ac ...
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP)
... Cellular Respiration What is respiration? (p. 90, fig 6.2) What is the main function of cellular respiration? (p. 90, fig 6.2) RESPIRATION EQUATION: (p. 91, fig 6.3) ...
... Cellular Respiration What is respiration? (p. 90, fig 6.2) What is the main function of cellular respiration? (p. 90, fig 6.2) RESPIRATION EQUATION: (p. 91, fig 6.3) ...
University of - Biochemistry at the University of Maryland, College Park
... (a; 12 points) Listed below are three enzymes from the glycolysis pathway. For any two (your choice) of these enzymes, draw the complete structure (including all H atoms) of the reactants and products for the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme, and write the names of the reactants and products. You m ...
... (a; 12 points) Listed below are three enzymes from the glycolysis pathway. For any two (your choice) of these enzymes, draw the complete structure (including all H atoms) of the reactants and products for the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme, and write the names of the reactants and products. You m ...
Chapter 3: Bioenergetics
... – Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction ...
... – Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction ...
Photosynthesis (briefly) and Cellular Respiration (aerobic
... Redox Reactions in Cellular Respiration ...
... Redox Reactions in Cellular Respiration ...
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... symbiotic association of free-living prokaryotes within another type of cell. ...
... symbiotic association of free-living prokaryotes within another type of cell. ...
Energy metabolism
... of fat in liver leading to hyperlipidemia or fatty liver. Since CAC is inhibited, availability of oxalloacetate is also limited, this leads to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis leading to hypoglycemia. Excess of NADH accelerates lactate dh to produce lactic acid leading to ...
... of fat in liver leading to hyperlipidemia or fatty liver. Since CAC is inhibited, availability of oxalloacetate is also limited, this leads to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis leading to hypoglycemia. Excess of NADH accelerates lactate dh to produce lactic acid leading to ...
(key)
... 6. For integral proteins associated with cell membranes what type of amino acid residues would be found exclusively within the membrane. l\)0'1\ - ...
... 6. For integral proteins associated with cell membranes what type of amino acid residues would be found exclusively within the membrane. l\)0'1\ - ...
Chapter 8 - South Sevier High School
... A. NAD+ and FAD 1. Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 2. As a metabolite is oxidized, AD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-ener ...
... A. NAD+ and FAD 1. Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 2. As a metabolite is oxidized, AD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-ener ...
Chapter 26
... • Energy has been lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is also a source of substances for the synthesis of fats & nonessential amino acids ...
... • Energy has been lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is also a source of substances for the synthesis of fats & nonessential amino acids ...
Chapter 26
... • Carbon atoms of the glucose have all been carried away as CO2 and exhaled. • Energy has been lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is also a source of substances for the synthesis of fats & nonessenti ...
... • Carbon atoms of the glucose have all been carried away as CO2 and exhaled. • Energy has been lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is also a source of substances for the synthesis of fats & nonessenti ...
Chapter 26
... • Carbon atoms of the glucose have all been carried away as CO2 and exhaled. • Energy has been lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is also a source of substances for the synthesis of fats & nonessenti ...
... • Carbon atoms of the glucose have all been carried away as CO2 and exhaled. • Energy has been lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is also a source of substances for the synthesis of fats & nonessenti ...
Chapters 10 and 11 Enzymes Enzymes are specialized proteins that
... amino acid with a kinase. Phosphorylation would be adding a phosphate group ligand which can modify the 3D structure of the enzyme resulting in the activation or inactivation of that enzyme. This process is reversible with a phosphorylase removing the phosphate group. 3) Separate the enzyme from sub ...
... amino acid with a kinase. Phosphorylation would be adding a phosphate group ligand which can modify the 3D structure of the enzyme resulting in the activation or inactivation of that enzyme. This process is reversible with a phosphorylase removing the phosphate group. 3) Separate the enzyme from sub ...
Chem 331 ETS OxPhos Notes - University of San Diego Home Pages
... A reaction will proceed spontaneously when ΔEo’ >0 Just like the Gibbs function, changes in actual concentration will shift the reaction ...
... A reaction will proceed spontaneously when ΔEo’ >0 Just like the Gibbs function, changes in actual concentration will shift the reaction ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Chain(ETC)
... • The mitochondrial respiratory chain consists of a series of sequentially acting electron carriers, most of which are integral proteins with prosthetic groups capable of accepting and donating either one or two electrons. • Three types of electron transfers occur in oxidative phosphorylation: – (1 ...
... • The mitochondrial respiratory chain consists of a series of sequentially acting electron carriers, most of which are integral proteins with prosthetic groups capable of accepting and donating either one or two electrons. • Three types of electron transfers occur in oxidative phosphorylation: – (1 ...
Phenylketonuria
... the liver, making sweat and so on. Many of these are chain reactions, where the product of one becomes the reactant of the next – these are called metabolic pathways. Remember, each reaction in a metabolic pathway wiil be controlled by an enzyme and every enzyme is coded for by a gene. The metabolis ...
... the liver, making sweat and so on. Many of these are chain reactions, where the product of one becomes the reactant of the next – these are called metabolic pathways. Remember, each reaction in a metabolic pathway wiil be controlled by an enzyme and every enzyme is coded for by a gene. The metabolis ...
Ch7 Enzymes II: Coenzymes, Regulation, Abzymes, and Ribozymes
... – inactive precursor – Is cleaved at one or a few specific peptide bonds to produce the active form of the enzyme. ...
... – inactive precursor – Is cleaved at one or a few specific peptide bonds to produce the active form of the enzyme. ...
2 ATP - Loyola Blakefield
... 4. Energy is stored for use by cells in ATP molecules. What is the source of that energy? ...
... 4. Energy is stored for use by cells in ATP molecules. What is the source of that energy? ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.