Cell Respiration - Biology Junction
... A. NAD and FAD 1. Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 2. As a metabolite is oxidized, NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energ ...
... A. NAD and FAD 1. Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 2. As a metabolite is oxidized, NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energ ...
CH 7 Reading Guide 2014
... 34. At this point, you should be able to account for the total number of ATPs that could be formed from a glucose molecule. To accomplish this, we have to add the ATPs formed by substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the ATPs formed by chemiosmosis. Each NADH can ...
... 34. At this point, you should be able to account for the total number of ATPs that could be formed from a glucose molecule. To accomplish this, we have to add the ATPs formed by substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the ATPs formed by chemiosmosis. Each NADH can ...
electron transport chain
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
A.) There are three different categories of cellular poisons that affect
... § Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are necessary to provide energy that is required to sustain your life § Explain why breathing is necessary to support cellular respiration § Describe how cellular respiration produces energy that can be stored in ATP § Explain why ATP is required ...
... § Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are necessary to provide energy that is required to sustain your life § Explain why breathing is necessary to support cellular respiration § Describe how cellular respiration produces energy that can be stored in ATP § Explain why ATP is required ...
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration I. Respiration
... 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail III. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. A. The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available. 1. two ATP molecules are used to split glucose 2. four ATP molecules are produced 3. two molecules of NADH produced 4. two mol ...
... 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail III. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. A. The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available. 1. two ATP molecules are used to split glucose 2. four ATP molecules are produced 3. two molecules of NADH produced 4. two mol ...
Microbial metabolism
... make a new slide to replace this = a table summarizing what I want them to know = name of the process, pathways used, terminal electron accentor and “energy yield” – substrate level + phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation – need a slide summarizing the difference between these two – also a n ...
... make a new slide to replace this = a table summarizing what I want them to know = name of the process, pathways used, terminal electron accentor and “energy yield” – substrate level + phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation – need a slide summarizing the difference between these two – also a n ...
ENZYMES • Enzymes are catalysts Catalyst: A chemical agent that
... Enzymes lower the activation energy by binding substrates together in the correct orientation and by applying stress to the substrate’s bonds, reducing the amount of thermal energy that must be absorbed to achieve transition state Active sites can also provide suitable microenvironments for particul ...
... Enzymes lower the activation energy by binding substrates together in the correct orientation and by applying stress to the substrate’s bonds, reducing the amount of thermal energy that must be absorbed to achieve transition state Active sites can also provide suitable microenvironments for particul ...
Cellular Respiration
... • The electrons of H+s (of FADH2 and NADH) are transferred from one membrane carrier to another membrane carrier (Cytochromes) • The electrons lose energy as they are transferred (like hot potato) • This energy drives membrane pumps involved with Chemiosmosis ...
... • The electrons of H+s (of FADH2 and NADH) are transferred from one membrane carrier to another membrane carrier (Cytochromes) • The electrons lose energy as they are transferred (like hot potato) • This energy drives membrane pumps involved with Chemiosmosis ...
chapt08
... A. NAD+ and FAD 1. Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 2. As a metabolite is oxidized, NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-ener ...
... A. NAD+ and FAD 1. Each metabolic reaction in cellular respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 2. As a metabolite is oxidized, NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-ener ...
Ecotek Students Improve Protocol for the Enzyme Hydrolysis of Starch
... An enzyme is made up of a group of proteins that perform different biochemical functions. They serve as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. An enzyme is formed by stringing together between 100 and 1,000 amino acids. The shape of an enzyme allows it to carry out specific chemical reactions. En ...
... An enzyme is made up of a group of proteins that perform different biochemical functions. They serve as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. An enzyme is formed by stringing together between 100 and 1,000 amino acids. The shape of an enzyme allows it to carry out specific chemical reactions. En ...
outlines
... -Effectors stabilize 1 of the 2 states and all subunits switch concertedly (together) Sequential Model -Enzyme has tense and relaxed states -Tense state has low affinity for substrate -Relaxed state has high affinity for substrate -A change in a single subunit makes it easier for a change in another ...
... -Effectors stabilize 1 of the 2 states and all subunits switch concertedly (together) Sequential Model -Enzyme has tense and relaxed states -Tense state has low affinity for substrate -Relaxed state has high affinity for substrate -A change in a single subunit makes it easier for a change in another ...
Energy and Life
... The NAD+ now regenerated is free to go back and pick up more electrons and Hydrogens. The FADH2 is ready to pass on its acquired electrons and Hydrogen ions to the next complex. The electron transport chain consists of enzymes in four complexes held in fixed positions and the two coenzymes that carr ...
... The NAD+ now regenerated is free to go back and pick up more electrons and Hydrogens. The FADH2 is ready to pass on its acquired electrons and Hydrogen ions to the next complex. The electron transport chain consists of enzymes in four complexes held in fixed positions and the two coenzymes that carr ...
Plant Respiration
... Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to the outer surface of the inner membrane and acts as a mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between complex III and IV. Complex IV refers to cytochrome c oxidase complex containing cytochromes a and a3, and two copper centres. When the electrons pass fr ...
... Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to the outer surface of the inner membrane and acts as a mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between complex III and IV. Complex IV refers to cytochrome c oxidase complex containing cytochromes a and a3, and two copper centres. When the electrons pass fr ...
Document
... • Extensive inner membrane folding in the mitochondria provides a large surface area. • There are many molecular systems on this membrane for production of ATP. • Electron-transport chain components are arranged in packages called respiratory assemblies. ...
... • Extensive inner membrane folding in the mitochondria provides a large surface area. • There are many molecular systems on this membrane for production of ATP. • Electron-transport chain components are arranged in packages called respiratory assemblies. ...
Amino acid metabolism III. Brake down of amino acids
... • much of the catabolism of amino acids takes place in the liver • branched-chain amino acids are oxidized as fuels primarily in the muscles, adipose, kidney, and brain tissue ...
... • much of the catabolism of amino acids takes place in the liver • branched-chain amino acids are oxidized as fuels primarily in the muscles, adipose, kidney, and brain tissue ...
A. glycolysis
... packaged 2. ADP-adenosine diphosphate-formed when one phosphate is removed from ATP-how energy is released ...
... packaged 2. ADP-adenosine diphosphate-formed when one phosphate is removed from ATP-how energy is released ...
7 CellRespiration
... step. How many NADHs are produced per pyruvate? Per glucose? How many FADHs are made per pyruvate? Per glucose? How many carbon dioxide molecules are released per pyruvate and per glucose? How many ATP made, and by what phosphorylation process? 9. How many ATP are made by substrate level phosphoryla ...
... step. How many NADHs are produced per pyruvate? Per glucose? How many FADHs are made per pyruvate? Per glucose? How many carbon dioxide molecules are released per pyruvate and per glucose? How many ATP made, and by what phosphorylation process? 9. How many ATP are made by substrate level phosphoryla ...
Chapter 12: Bioenergetics
... 2000, Dr. Allen D. Hunter, Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University ...
... 2000, Dr. Allen D. Hunter, Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University ...
Bio1A - Lec 9 slides File
... but it should be a negligible amount. This is less true than for competitive inhibition, but for our understanding we will be using the following assumption. ...
... but it should be a negligible amount. This is less true than for competitive inhibition, but for our understanding we will be using the following assumption. ...
Metabolism 4 - DR CLEM KUEK
... • Several amphibolic pathways (catabolic and anabolic) pathways Embden-Meyerhof in eukaryotes and bacteria Others found in bacteria • Glucose derived from polysaccharides and other sugars • Carbon compounds derived from amino acids and lipids may enter ...
... • Several amphibolic pathways (catabolic and anabolic) pathways Embden-Meyerhof in eukaryotes and bacteria Others found in bacteria • Glucose derived from polysaccharides and other sugars • Carbon compounds derived from amino acids and lipids may enter ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Identify whether each of the following occurs during the energy-investment phase (EI) of glycolysis or the energy-yielding phase (EY). ______ 2 glyceraldehyde phosphates are oxidized ______ 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH ______ Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs ______ 4 ADP + 4P Æ 4 ATP ______ 2 ...
... Identify whether each of the following occurs during the energy-investment phase (EI) of glycolysis or the energy-yielding phase (EY). ______ 2 glyceraldehyde phosphates are oxidized ______ 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH ______ Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs ______ 4 ADP + 4P Æ 4 ATP ______ 2 ...
Review #3 Chapters 9 – 10
... a. The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH b. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar c. Photosystem I contains P700 chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center; photosystem II contains P680 molecules d. In chemiosmosis, electro ...
... a. The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH b. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar c. Photosystem I contains P700 chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center; photosystem II contains P680 molecules d. In chemiosmosis, electro ...
AP Biology - gwbiology
... Because in reduction, bonds are being formed due to the new electrons being added. These bonds store energy, which is released when they are broken to form new bonds. This energy changes from potential energy to actual energy. 4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being redu ...
... Because in reduction, bonds are being formed due to the new electrons being added. These bonds store energy, which is released when they are broken to form new bonds. This energy changes from potential energy to actual energy. 4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being redu ...
9. AH Cell Enzymes - charlestonbiology
... Molecular interactions in cells Many Metabolic pathways (biochemical pathways) Complex often series of enzyme controlled reactions Energy transformed Molecules degraded and synthesised ...
... Molecular interactions in cells Many Metabolic pathways (biochemical pathways) Complex often series of enzyme controlled reactions Energy transformed Molecules degraded and synthesised ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.