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RESPIRATION 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS Complete the notes sheets below. Where you see a blank (…………………..), decide which word/phrase is most appropriate. Respiration is a series of ……………………….-­‐catalyzed reactions that release ……………………. from ………………………. molecules in order to synthesize ……………………… . ………………………… respiration, which involves the participation of oxygen, consists of four distinct but linked stages: ………………………. , ………………………….. , …………………………………, and the …………………………………. . What is respiration? DEFINITION: Respiration ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..................................................................... DEFINITION: Energy ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ****REMEMBER*** Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be converted from one form to another. Respiration Revision Quiz 1 Why respire? Respiration produces energy for METABOLIC (both ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC) reactions such as: a. ……………………………..: Moving ions and molecules against a concentration gradient. b. ……………………………..: Secretion of large molecules. c. ……………………………..: Movement of large molecules into cells. d. ……………………………..: Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones. e. ……………………………..: Preparing a cell for anaphase. f. ……………………………..: Powering bacterial flagella, eukaryotic cilia, muscle contraction and microtubule motors that transport organelles. g. ……………………………..: E.g. glucose is phosphorylated at the start of respiration to make it more chemically unstable. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide. It is commonly referred to as the universal ……………………. ……………………… . Respiration Revision Quiz 2 Add the following labels to the diagram below left and then draw and label a simplified version showing the basic structure to the right: Adenine, Adenosine, Ribose, Phosphate groups. ATP can be …………………….. to form ADP and Pi (……………………………..), releasing 30.6 KJ.mol-­‐1 of energy. It is a …………………………….-­‐lived molecule which is constantly being hydrolysed and resynthesized. ATP + H20 à ADP + Pi (+30.6 KJ.mol-­‐1) ATP is derived from …………………………… . We can tell this because the sugar is ………………………. . Respiration Revision Quiz 3 Mitochondria The diagram shows a mitochondrion. Label the following: Inner membrane, outer membrane, matrix, intermembrane space, cristae RESPIRATION ESSENTIALS 1. Oxidation and reduction ***REMEMBER*** OIL RIG O……………………. I…………………….. L……………………. R…………………….. I……………………… G……………………. Oxidation and reduction are coupled, since if one substrate becomes oxidised, another must be reduced. Such reactions are called REDOX reactions. Respiration Revision Quiz 4 2. Respiration is a multi-­‐step process. The multitude of reactions that take place from start to finish can be summarised in four key steps: a. Glycolysis: Glucose (….C) is broken down to produce 2 molecules of Pyruvate (….C). b. The link reaction: Pyruvate is dehydrogenated (………………… is removed) and decarboxylated (…………………. is removed) and converted to acetate. c. Krebs cycle: Acetate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated. d. Oxidative phosphorylation: ADP is phosphorylated to ……… . 3. Coenzymes In the reactions of respiration, coenzymes become …………………. as substrates become …………………….. . These are necessary because the reactions are catalysed by inefficient dehydrogenase ………………… . Hydrogen ATOMS are combined with coenzymes such as NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to form ………………….. NAD (or NADH). NADH is later split into electrons and protons (…………. ions) in the inner mitochondrial membranes where they are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process which produces a lot of ……………………. . NAD is then recycled back into the earlier stages of respiration. Respiration Revision Quiz 5 1. NAD Sketch and label a simplified version of the structure of NAD (oxidised) in the box below: 2. Coenzyme A (CoA): Carries acetate groups produced from pyruvate (the product of glycolysis) during the link reaction onto the krebs cycle. Respiration Revision Quiz 6 F214 RESPIRATION 2: GLYCOLYSIS Complete the notes sheets below. Where you see a blank (…………………..), decide which word/phrase is most appropriate. Glycolysis is the ………………….. stage in respiration. It is unique in that it does not require ………………… so is utilised in both aerobic and ………………………. respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the ………………………. . Step 2:…………………………… Step 3:…………………………… Product: …………………………… Step 4: …………………………… Product: …………………………… Respiration Revision Quiz 7 Steps in glycolysis 1. Glucose is ………………………………… to make it more reactive by the addition of ………. molecules of ………………….. . FRUCTOSE 1,6-­‐BISPHOSPHATE (…..C) IS FORMED. …… ATP molecules are ……………………. . This is known as the ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE. GLUCOSE (….C) 2ATP 2ADP FRUCTOSE 1,6-­‐BISPHOSPHATE (….C) 2. ……………………………………………. is split into 2 molecules of TRIOSE PHOSPHATE (…..C). FRUCTOSE 1,6-­‐BISPHOSPHATE (….C) 2 x TRIOSE PHOSPHATE (….C) Respiration Revision Quiz 8 3. Each molecule of …………………………………….. is ……………………. by NAD+ to pyruvate. This process synthesises ……. molecules of ATP and …… molecule of ……………… NAD (NADH) per triose phosphate. 2 x TRIOSE PHOSPHATE (….C) NAD+ +
2ADP NAD 2ADP NADH 2ATP NADH 2ATP 2 x PYRUVATE (….C) 4. In total, the breakdown of one molecule of glucose produces the following: Product ATP Reduced NAD (NADH) Pyruvate Number of molecules produced per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE: What next? The fate of pyruvate is dependent on ………………….. availability. In plentiful supply, ………………….. respiration takes place, but if there is a shortage then ………………….. respiration takes place. Respiration Revision Quiz 9 GLYCOLYSIS SUMMARY (THE PROCESS TAKES PLACE IN THE ………………………….) GLUCOSE (….C) 2ATP 2ADP+Pi FRUCTOSE 1,6-­‐BISPHOSPHATE (….C) 2 x TRIOSE PHOSPHATE (….C) NAD+ 2ADP NAD+ 2ADP NADH 2ATP NADH 2ATP Energy investment to be recouped later Cleavage of six-­‐
carbon sugar to two three-­‐carbon sugars Energy generation 2 x PYRUVATE (….C) Respiration Revision Quiz 10 F214 RESPIRATION 3: ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION, THE LINK REACTION AND THE KREBS CYCLE Complete the notes sheets below. Where you see a blank (…………………..), decide which word/phrase is most appropriate. ………………………. (which takes place in the ……………………) produces …… molecules of pyruvate. The fate of the pyruvate depends on …………………… availability. In the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation or lactic fermentation takes place. 2 x PYRUVATE (….C) 1. Alcoholic fermentation: When there is insufficient …………………….., it is important that the reduced NAD (……………) is …………………….. back to NAD+ so that the energy yielding phase of glycolysis can continue. In yeast, pyruvate is decarboxylated to ETHANAL (…..C), releasing …………….. . The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase then ……………….. ETHANAL to ETHANOL (…..C), at the same time ………………… NADH back to ……………. . CH3CHO + NADH à C2H5OH +NAD+ Alcohol dehydrogenase Respiration Revision Quiz 11 The process is summarised below: NADH C2H5OH + CO2 NAD+ Alcohol dehydrogenase What is the net production of ATP per molecule of glucose in anaerobic respiration using alcoholic fermentation? …………… ATP molecules 2. Lactic fermentation: The main aim of lactic fermentation is to ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Pyruvate is …………………… by NADH to form ………………………… acid. As this is a redox reaction, NADH is ………………………… back to ……………. since an …… atom is donated to the pyruvate. This reaction is catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase. • 1 molecule of NADH is ………………….. per pyruvate molecule. • 1 molecule of glucose will produce ………… molecules of ATP in using this form of …………………………… respiration. Respiration Revision Quiz 12 The process is summarised below: NADH NAD+ Lactate dehydrogenase C3H6O The link reaction In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is ………………………. transported across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes into the …………………… . The purpose of the link reaction is to convert ……C pyruvate into 2C acetate which can be oxidised in the Krebs cycle. • DECARBOXYLATION: PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASE removes a …………………….. group. This eventually becomes ……………………………. which ………………….. into the blood and is carried to the …………………… . • DEHYDROGENATION: PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE removes …………………….. atoms. PYRUVATE (…..C) NAD+ Respiration Revision Quiz NADH CO2 ACETATE (…..C) 13 Coenzyme A accepts the …………………., forming ACETYL COENZYME A (Acetyl CoA). The CoA carries the acetate to the next stage in aerobic respiration, the …………………………….. . This stage also takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. • Put the symbols below into the correct order to produce an equation which summarises the link reaction: + 2acetylCoA à 2CoA 2pyruvate 2NADH 2CO2 2NAD+ + ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… • During the link reaction, ………… molecules of ATP are produced. • …………. molecules of …………….. NAD are produced. So far, via glycolysis and the link reaction, the following have been produced: Product ATP Reduced NAD (NADH) Carbon Dioxide Acetyl CoA Number of molecules produced per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE: Respiration Revision Quiz 14 The Krebs cycle ………………………… enters the Krebs cycle, which takes place in the ……………………… . Acetyl (…..C) is transferred from CoA to join a 4C intermediate called OXALOACETATE. CITRATE (…..C) is produced. Acetyl CoA (…..C) CoA Citrate (…..C) Oxaloacetate (…..C) This is gradually dehydrogenated (……………………………) and decarboxylated (…………………………….) over several steps until the 4C …………………………….. is re-­‐
formed. ……………………….. and …………………………. are released. ………………… diffuses into the blood while …… atoms are taken up by ……………., or an alternative carrier called FAD. The carriers transport H atoms to the ………………………………………………………. for the final step in respiration. Respiration Revision Quiz 15 Acetyl CoA (…..C) CoA Oxaloacetate (…..C) Intermediate compound (…..C) Citrate (…..C) Intermediate compound (…..C) Intermediate compound (…..C) Intermediate compound (…..C) • What 2 processes are occurring at the points marked with a ? ………………………………………….. and …………………………………………….. • The process occurring at point , where the first 4C intermediate is changed to another 4C intermediate is called SUBSTRATE LEVEL …………………………………… . • At point , the 2nd 4C intermediate is ……………… to a third 4C intermediate, releasing ……….. hydrogen …………. . These are collected by ……………., which is …………………. . • At point , the third …..C intermediate is …………………………. (oxidised) to reform …………………………….. . Another NAD+ molecule is ………………………… . Respiration Revision Quiz 16 • There is 1 turn of the Krebs cycle for each molecule of acetate. For each turn of the Krebs cycle, …... molecules of reduced NAD, …… molecules of reduced FAD, …… molecules of CO2 and …… molecule(s) of ATP are produced. Per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE, the following are produced by the Krebs cycle: Product ATP Reduced NAD (NADH) Reduced FAD (FADH) Carbon Dioxide Number of molecules produced per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE: ***REMEMBER*** these reactions do not use oxygen, but they will not occur without it. They are AEROBIC. So far, via glycolysis, the link reaction and the Krebs cycle, the following have been produced: Product ATP Reduced NAD (NADH) Reduced FAD (FADH) Carbon Dioxide Number of molecules produced per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE: Respiration Revision Quiz 17 A summary of the processes so far: NEXT TIME! F214 RESPIRATION 4: CHEMIOSMOSIS AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Complete the notes sheets below. Where you see a blank (…………………..), decide which word/phrase is most appropriate. So far, in the first 3 stages of aerobic respiration, …… molecules of reduced NAD and …… molecules of reduced FAD have been produced. These molecules are Respiration Revision Quiz 18 transported to the …………………… mitochondrial membrane, where INTERGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS form 4 large TRANSMEMBRANE COMPLEXES. In the ………………………………………………….., ………… atoms from NADH release all of their energy to form …………….., and are finally combined with ……………………….. to form water. The diagram below shows a representation of the 4 transmembrane complexes and the ATP synthase. Intermembrane space STEP 1 …………………… molecules bind to Complex I (also known as Coenzyme Q), and release their H atoms as protons (…..) and electrons (…..). NADH returns to its ……………………. state and is transported back to the earlier stages of respiration. H+ ions go into solution in the matrix: some are pumped into the intermembrane space. Respiration Revision Quiz 19 Intermembrane space …………………… molecules bind to Complex 2 (Ubiquinone), releasing H+ ions and e-­‐ just like the NADH did in Complex 1. Not all H+ ions are pumped into the intermembrane space yet: these remain in solution in the …………………………………….. . Intermembrane space Step 2 Electrons are passed along complexes I, II, III and IV sequentially. At complexes I, III and IV, the e-­‐ give up some energy so that H+ ions can be pumped into the ………………………………………. . This is NOT …………………………………………… because the energy comes from the electrons and not from ATP. A PROTON GRADIENT forms (which is also a ………… gradient). Respiration Revision Quiz 20 Intermembrane space Step 3 At complex IV, protons combine with electrons and ………………… to form ………………… . Intermembrane space Rearrange the following into the correct order: 2H2O + à 4H+ + 4e-­‐ O2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ***REMEMBER*** oxygen’s only involvement in respiration is as the final electron acceptor, but without it the whole process stops. Step IV Respiration Revision Quiz 21 ***CHEMIOSMOSIS-­‐ the movement of ions down their …………………………………………. across a …………………………………………. . *** H+ ions diffuse through channels associated with ATP………………………. enzyme, spinning the globular head as they go, and driving the reaction between ………….. and inorganic phosphate. ………………… is produced. This process is called ***OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION***. Intermembrane space Respiration Revision Quiz 22 Evaluating evidence for chemiosmosis Chemiosmosis is ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The theory was first proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961, who won a Nobel prize for chemistry. There is much evidence supporting the theory. Respiration Revision Quiz 23 Explain how each of the following provide evidence for chemiosmosis (HINT: for some you may find using information in the picture above useful): • Lower pH in intermembrane space than in mitochondrial matrix. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… • More negative potential on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial matrix. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… • No ATP is made in mitoblasts (mitochondria whose outer membranes have been stripped off). ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… • No ATP is made if headpieces are removed from ATP synthase enzymes. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Respiration Revision Quiz 24 • No ATP is made in the presence of oligomycin (an antibiotic which blocks the flow of protons through the ion channel part of ATP synthase). ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… • Coenzymes in complexes I, III and IV can use energy from electron transfer to pump H ions into the intermembrane space. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… How much ATP? It is estimated that each NADH can make 2.5 ATP’s and each FADH can make 1.5 ATP’s. Therefore, for each molecule of glucose, NADH should make ………….. molecules of ATP and FADH should make ….. molecules of ATP. The total yield should be ……… molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose. HOWEVER, this is seldom achieved: • …………………………. leak across the mitochondrial membranes thus reducing the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE. • ATP is used to actively transport ………………………………. into the mitochondria. • ATP is used to bring hydrogen from NADH made in the cytoplasm during ………………………………….. into the …………………………………… . Respiring lipids and proteins 1. Lipids • Triglycerides can be broken down into ……………………………….. and ………………………….., both of which directly enter the Krebs cycle. Respiration Revision Quiz 25 • Fatty acids combine with CoA, and are converted to Acetyl groups. This process requires energy from ATP. The Acetyl CoA is able to enter the …………………………… . • From a typical fatty acid, 50 molecules of acetyl might be produced, ultimately yielding approximately 500 ATP molecules. 2. Proteins • Deamination of excess amino acids produces …………………. from the amine groups. The remainder of the amino acid molecule can be converted into glycogen or fat which feed into either ………………….. or the Krebs cycle. • Some amino acids can enter the Krebs cycle directly. Energy values of respiratory substrates Link each substrate to its correct mean energy value (KJ.g-­‐1) Respiratory substrate Mean energy value (KJ.g-­‐1) Carbohydrate 39.4 Protein 17.0 Lipid 15.8 Respiration Revision Quiz 26