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I. Genetics & Heredity a. Genetics - ______________________________________ b. Heredity - _______________________________________ II. Gregor Mendel a. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c. He began his research with pea plants that were considered ___________________________________. i. Plants that have the ability to produce offspring identical to themselves, through the use of their own gametes = “______________________________” = true breeding d. Most plants reproduce via cross-pollination, ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________. e. Mendel DID NOT want to have this extra variable in his research, so he prevented his plants from “selfpollinating” by crossing the pea plants himself. f. He began his research looking at 7 different pea plant TRAITS. i. ______________________________________________________________________________ III. Mendel’s Research a. _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. He cross-pollinated plants with different forms of the same trait (i.e. purple x white) to examine offspring. c. Inheritance is determined by GENES. i. ______________________________________________________________________________ d. Some ALLELES (___________________________________________________________) are considered Dominant and some are Recessive: ________________________________________________________ i. Dominant ____________________________________________________________________ ii. Recessive ___________________________________________________________________ e. Mendel conducted __________________________________________ (mating involving only one pair of traits). f. He cross-pollinated 2 pea plants with opposing traits g. _____________________________________________________________________________________ i. Ex Purple flowering plant & white flowering plant h. ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________, meaning “first filial.” i. Results: _______________________________________ ______________________________________________ j. Mendel’s 2nd Experiment… i. ______________________________________________________________________________ ii. Results: The ______________________________________ (“second filial”) produced flowers in a ratio of 3 purple: 1 white iii. This 3:1 ratio occurred for each of the 7 traits in the F2 Generations! IV. Mendel’s Conclusions: a. _________________________________________________________________________________ – one from each parent. b. _____________________________________________________________________________ (alleles). c. When 2 different alleles occur together, ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d. Gametes (sperm and eggs) each carry one allele for a given trait; _______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ V. Basic Terms a. b. c. d. __________________________: Segment of DNA that determines a specific trait __________________________: a characteristic that varies from one organism to another __________________________: Different forms of a gene __________________________________: an allele that hides a recessive trait; usually characterized by a capital letter. e. __________________________________: an allele that can be “masked” or hidden by a dominant allele; usually characterized by a lower-case letter VI. Homozygous vs. Heterozygous a. Homozygous: _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________; also known as “pure-bred” b. Heterozygous: _______________________________________________________________________; also known as “hybrid” VII. Genotype vs. Phenotype a. Genotype: the _________________________________________________________________________ (ex: PP, pp, or Pp) b. Phenotype: _________________________________________________________________________ (ex: blonde h) VIII. The Law of Segregation a. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ IX. The Law of Independent Assortment a. Alleles for different genes separate independently of each other during gamete formation. b. One trait, like flower color, ____________________________________________________________, like plant height. X. Probability a. Probability = ________________________________________________________________________. b. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ c. The more trials conducted, the closer the result will come to the EXPECTED ratio. d. The Punnett square can predict the “probability” of outcomes resulting from a genetic cross. XI. Punnett Squares a. Punnett Squares are ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Possible __________________________________ are placed along the _______________ of the square; possible ________________________________ parent are written on the ______________ of the square. c. The genotypes are predicted by combining alleles from each parent. d. We can use ratios to express genotypes and phenotypes. e. ____________________________________ (crosses involving 2 traits) are a little more complex. f. Possible combinations for the different types of alleles are placed at the top and sides of the square. g. Example: (Round, Yellow) (wrinkled, green) RrYy rryy XII. Beyond Dominant & Recessive Alleles a. Some traits are ___________________________, meaning that more than one gene determine the phenotype. i. Examples ___________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ XIII. Incomplete Dominance a. One form of a trait is NOT dominant or recessive to the other.___________________________________________ ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________. i. Example Four O’Clocks flower : Red (RR) X White (WW) Pink (RW) XIV. Codominance a. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ i. ExampleA homozygous red horse mates with a homozygous white horse to produce a horse with BOTH red and white hair (called a Roan coat). XV. Blood Types a. ________________________________________ – Genes with 3 or more possible alleles determining a trait b. Each individual receives only 2 alleles, but there are more than 2 in the population i. Example = Blood Type 1. Blood Phenotypes = ___________________________________ 2. Blood Alleles = _______________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________ & i is recessive XVI. Human Genetics a. Sex Chromosomes ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Autosomal Chromosomes The _________________________________________________________ c. Karyotype = __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d. Two types of Disorders: i. ________________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________________ e. Sex-Linked Traits i. All ____________________ carry an ___________chromosome ii. _______________________ are XX; ______________________ carry XY iii. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ iv. Males do not carry the backup copy of the X chromosome, so the gene is expressed XVII. Sex-Linked Disorders a. The information/ traits on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes. Because these chromosomes determine sex, disorders caused by these genes are sex-linked disorders. _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Examples i. ___________________________________________ ii. ___________________________________________ iii. ___________________________________________ XVIII. Chromosomal Disorders a. ____________________________________ (failure of homologous chromosomes to separate) occurs during meiosis. The resulting individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes and that results in a disorder! b. Examples: i. ___________________________________ (Trisomy 21) ii. __________________________________ (XO) sterile iii. ___________________________________(XXY) Karyotype of Trisomy 21