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BI 200 – Midterm Exam #1AB Fall 2004 Name Lab Section. Seat# Disclaimer Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated. Multiple choice - 1 point each. 1. A. Most microorganisms cause disease but are never involved in the development of pharmaceuticals or other treatments for disease. B. Microorganisms in the rumen help cows digest cellulose. (a) (b) (c) (d) only (A) is true only (B) is true both (A) and (B) are true neither (A) nor (B) are true 2. RNA polymerase is responsible for: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) transcription DNA replication translation all of the above none of the above 3. An organism that uses the inorganic compound H2 gas as fuel would be considered a(n) a. b. c. d. e. Chemolithotroph Halophile Chemoorganotroph Phototroph Autotroph 4. Translation is carried out by _______________ and occurs in the ____________ of prokaryotic cells. a. b. c. d. RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome; cytoplasm none of the above, prokaryotes do not have a cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum 5. DNA polymerase is responsible for: a. b. c. d. e. DNA replication translation transcription all of the above none of the above 6. The E. coli chromosome contains about _______ base pairs of DNA. a. b. c. d. 4,000 100,000 4.5 million 4.5 billion 7. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably A) anoxygenic lithotrophs B) anoxygenic phototrophs C) oxygenic phototrophs D) oxygenic lithotrophs 8. The most abundant gases in the early atmosphere of the Earth were probably A) CH4, CO2, NH3, N2 B) CH4, H2, O2, N2 C) CH4, CO2, O2, N2 D) H2, CO2, O2, N2 9. Compared to today, the temperature on Earth during its first half billion years was probably A) considerably warmer (averaging perhaps 100 ºC) B) considerably colder (averaging perhaps 10 ºC) C) about the same as today D) about the same as today on average but the diurnal fluctuations were much greater 10. The earliest polymerization reactions were probably _______________ reactions; and these occurred _________________. A) dehydration / on exposed surfaces B) hydrolysis/on exposed surfaces C) dehydration /in the open ocean D) dehydration /in the atmosphere 11. The earliest RNA probably functioned in A) catalysis B) genetic coding C) neither catalysis and genetic coding D) both catalysis nor genetic coding 12. In which of the environments is one most likely to find a thermophile? A) the human body B) Icelandic hot springs C) the Great Salt lake D) a glacier E) a cow’s rumen 13. The isolation of DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus made possible the technique of __________ where trillions of copies of DNA can be made from small amounts. This made possible the forensic technique of _________________. A) aseptic technique; enrichment culture B) polymerase chain reaction; DNA fingerprinting C) polymerase chain reaction; pure cultures D) enrichment media; chemical evolution E) enrichment culture; PCR 14. The first appreciable amounts of O2, 1% of the atmosphere, dates back to _____________years ago. An abundance of stromatolites from the period contain fossils resembling _______________. A) 4.5 billion; Paracoccus B) 2 billion; cyanobacteria C) 4,000; Linnaeus D) 1.2 billion; Trilobites E) none of the above is reasonable 15. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably A) anoxygenic phototrophs B) anoxygenic lithotrophs C) oxygenic phototrophs D) oxygenic lithotrophs 16. An organism that can only live at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight cannot reach is probably a ______________ and a _______________. A) phototroph; alkaliphile B) phototroph; barophile C) chemotroph; alkaliphile D) chemotroph; barophile 17. A bacterium is found in the Great Salt Lake. It requires high concentrations of salt and sunlight to grow. It is A) a halophile B) a chemolithotroph C) a phototroph D) a and b E) a and c 18. Thiobacillus grows by oxidizing S to SO42-, and lives in an environment with pH 2. It is A) an acidophile B) a chemolithotroph C) a heterotroph D) A and B E) A and C 19. Green algae get energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2. They are examples of A) photoautotrophs B) lithoautotrophs C) chemoheterotrophs D) photoheterotrophs E) photolithotrophs 20. Which of the following is not composed of microtubules? a. b. c. d. cilia Golgi apparatus cytoskeleton spindle apparatus 21. Which is a feature of archaean cell membranes? A) ether linkages B) muramic acid C) sterols D) hopanoids 22. Thermophilic archaea may form heat-stable membranes with diglycerol tetraethers recognized as: A) phospholipid bilayers B) lipoteichoic acids C) the periplasm D) phospholipid monolayers 23. Bacterial flagella move in a manner that resembles _____________ and their energy source is _____________ A) oars; the proton gradient B) propellers; the proton gradient C) pseudopods; ATP D) whips; ATP 24. Which of the following types of genes might be found on a plasmid? A) B) C) D) E) genes for the sex pilus antibiotic resistance genes genes for ribosomes (a) and (b) all of the above 25. The terms “run” and “tumble” are generally associated with A) cell wall fluidity. B) cell membrane structures. C) taxic movements of the cell. D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria. 26. Which statement is true? A) Lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells. B) Peritrichous flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells. C) Polar flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells. D) Polar flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells. 27. Which base pairings are correct, and the number of hydrogen bonds correct? a. b. c. d. C+T, 3 C+G, 3 C+G, 2 C+A, 3 BI 200 – Midterm Exam #1A Fall 2004 Name Lab Section. Seat# Disclaimer Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated. Multiple choice - 1 point each. 1. A. Most microorganisms cause disease but are never involved in the development of pharmaceuticals or other treatments for disease. B. Microorganisms in the rumen help cows digest cellulose. (a) (b) (c) (d) only (A) is true only (B) is true both (A) and (B) are true neither (A) nor (B) are true 2. RNA polymerase is responsible for: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) translation DNA replication transcription all of the above none of the above 3. An organism that uses the inorganic compound H2 gas as fuel would be considered a(n) a. b. c. d. e. Phototroph Halophile Chemoorganotroph Chemolithotroph Autotroph 4. Translation is carried out by _______________ and occurs at the ____________ in prokaryotic cells. a. b. c. d. RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome; nucleus none of the above, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum 5. DNA polymerase is responsible for: a. b. c. d. e. translation DNA replication transcription all of the above none of the above 6. The E. coli chromosome contains enough DNA for about _______ genes. a. b. c. d. 40 400 4,000 400,000 7. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably A) anoxygenic phototrophs B) anoxygenic lithotrophs C) oxygenic phototrophs D) oxygenic lithotrophs 8. The most abundant gases in the early atmosphere of the Earth were probably A) CH4, CO2, O2, N2 B) CH4, H2, O2, N2 C) CH4, CO2, NH3, N2 D) H2, CO2, O2, N2 9. Compared to today, the temperature on Earth during its first half billion years was probably A) considerably warmer (averaging perhaps 100 ºC) B) considerably colder (averaging perhaps 10 ºC) C) about the same as today D) about the same as today on average but the diurnal fluctuations were much greater 10. The earliest polymerization reactions were probably _______________ reactions; and these occurred _________________. A) dehydration /in the atmosphere B) hydrolysis/on exposed surfaces C) dehydration /in the open ocean D) dehydration / on exposed surfaces 11. The earliest RNA probably functioned in A) catalysis B) genetic coding C) both catalysis and genetic coding D) neither catalysis nor genetic coding 12. In which of the environments is one most likely to find a thermophile? A) the human body B) a glacier C) the Great Salt lake D) Icelandic hot springs E) a cow’s rumen 13. The isolation of DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus made possible the technique of __________ where trillions of copies of DNA can be made from small amounts. This made possible the forensic technique of _________________. A) aseptic technique; enrichment culture B) enrichment media; chemical evolution C) polymerase chain reaction; pure cultures D) polymerase chain reaction; DNA fingerprinting E) enrichment culture; PCR 14. The first appreciable amounts of O2, 1% of the atmosphere, dates back to _____________years ago. An abundance of stromatolites from the period contain fossils resembling _______________. A) 2 billion; cyanobacteria B) 4.5 billion; Paracoccus C) 4,000; Linnaeus D) 1.2 billion; Trilobites E) none of the above is reasonable 15. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably A) anoxygenic phototrophs B) anoxygenic lithotrophs C) oxygenic phototrophs D) oxygenic lithotrophs 16. An organism that can only live at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight cannot reach is probably a ______________ and a _______________. A) phototroph; alkaliphile B) chemotroph; barophile C) chemotroph; alkaliphile D) phototroph; barophile 17. A bacterium is found in the Great Salt Lake. It requires high concentrations of salt and sunlight to grow. It is A) a halophile B) a chemolithotroph C) a phototroph D) a and b E) a and c 18. Thiobacillus grows by oxidizing S to SO42-, and lives in an environment with pH 2. It is A) an acidophile B) a chemolithotroph C) a heterotroph D) A and B E) A and C 19. Green algae get energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2. They are examples of A) chemoheterotrophs B) lithoautotrophs C) photoautotrophs D) photoheterotrophs E) photolithotrophs 20. Which of the following is not composed of microtubules? a. b. c. d. cilia spindle apparatus cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus 21. Which is a feature of archaean cell membranes? A) ester linkages B) phytanyls C) sterols D) hopanoids 22. Thermophilic archaea may form heat-stable membranes with diglycerol tetraethers recognized as: A) phospholipid bilayers B) lipoteichoic acids C) phospholipid monolayers D) the periplasm 23. Bacterial flagella move in a manner that resembles _____________ and their energy source is _____________ A) oars; the proton gradient B) whips; ATP C) pseudopods; ATP D) propellers; the proton gradient 24. Which of the following types of genes might be found on a plasmid? A) B) C) D) E) genes for the sex pilus antibiotic resistance genes genes for ribosomes (a) and (b) all of the above 25. The terms “run” and “tumble” are generally associated with A) cell wall fluidity. B) cell membrane structures. C) taxic movements of the cell. D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria. 26. Which statement is true? A) Lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells. B) Peritrichous flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells. C) Polar flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells. D) Polar flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells. 27. Which base pairings are correct, and the number of hydrogen bonds correct? a. b. c. d. C+T, 3 C+G, 2 C+G, 3 C+A, 3 Match the prokaryotic cell feature with the type of organism in (or on) which it might be found. 1 point each _____ Sulfur granule A. An Archaea with no pseudomurein _____ Endospore B. A green algae such as Spirogyra _____ Magnetosome C. A Sulfur-oxidizing lithotroph like Beggiatoa _____ Capsule D. An F+ bacterium producing pili _____ S-Layer E. A microaerophile such as Aquaspirillum _____ Gas vesicle F. Bacillus or Clostridium _____ Fimbriae G. Streptococcus mutans causing tooth decay _____ Plasmid H. A cyanobacterium like Anabena _____ Hydrogenosome I. An anaerobic protozoa _____ Chloroplast J. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Complete the following table comparing the typical arrangement of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. 4 points Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Shape of Chromosome Copies of Each Chromosome Where is it found in the cell? Does supercoiling involves histones? (2 points) What are three advantages of having a capsule? Put a star by the most important. A- B- C- (2 points) Bacterial endospores are (true or false) _____ resistant to heat _____ metabolically active _____ rich in Calcium _____ formed on the inside of cells (4 points) Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic motility by completing the following table. Trait or Property Appendages related to motility Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Name of proteins that appendages are composed of Motion of appendages (What man-made structures do they resemble?) What form of energy is required for motion? Complete the following table, indicating the chemical structure of cell walls. 4 pts Microorganism Polymer Bond Arrangement Sub-units 1->4 Algae Fungi Bacteria Archaea Pseudomurein N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltauronic acid Complete the following narrative by circling the appropriate term in each parenthesis so that each sentence is accurate. The cell or cytoplasmic membrane is a semi-permeable membrane composed of phospholipids. It is a(n) (excellent, poor) chemical barrier that is (flexible, rigid). Molecules that pass through are relatively (small, large) and are (non-polar, polar, ionic). (Diffusion, transport) is the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration and this (does, does not) require the expenditure of energy. Osmosis is defined as the movement of (any molecule, water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of (high, low) concentration to (high, low) concentration. Sometimes a protein gate is required to allow entry of a molecule such as (maltose, glucose, glycerol) by the process of (passive, facilitated) diffusion. Energy for transport is provided by (sunlight, glucose, ATP), (H+, ΔG, F=ma), or phosphoenol pyruvate. When a molecule is chemically modified as it enters this is known as (uniport, group translocation, ABC transport) and (maltose, glucose, glycerol) is an example of such a solute that enters in this way. Three proteins are involved in (symport, group translocation, ABC transport) and (maltose, glucose, glycerol) is an example of such a solute that enters in this way. Matching. 1 point each. Place the name of one of the microbiologists on the right that fits the description on the left. You may use a name more than once, but place only one answer in each – no multiple guesses. Barnes Beijerinck Brock _____________________________ Developed the concept of lithotrophy _____________________________ Pure culture technique Dewhirst Fleming Gordon _____________________________ Enrichment technique _____________________________ Aseptic technique Koch Lister Pace _____________________________ Germ theory of disease _____________________________ Discovered penicillin and lysozyme Pasteur Salyers Schopf _____________________________ Any mentioned in “Hothouse Microbes” article _____________________________ Any mentioned in “Earth’s Dominant Life Form” article van Leeuwenhoek Venter Weinberg _____________________________ Washington University researcher quoted that 400 species begin set up housekeeping in the baby’s gut Winogradsky Woese _____________________________ UCLA scientist that found earliest possible fossils dating back 3.5 billion years Structure of prokaryotic cells: Elements, Bonds, Forces, Monomers, Polymers, and Features. Use the 10 terms listed below to complete the facing diagram which represents the bonds and forces that hold together the prokaryotic cell, and their elements, monomers, polymers, and structures. (Bonds and forces are in italics). Fatty Acids, Glycerol, + PO43- Polysaccharide Hydrophobic Interactions C, N, H, O, S Peptide Bonds Glycosidic C, N, H, O, P Ribosome DNA 20 Amino Acids 1________ Enzymes Hydrogen Bonds + Hydrophobic Interactions Hydrogen Bonds Protein 5________ 7________ Covalent Bonds 9________ RNA and Protein Chromosome Hydrogen Bonds Cell Membrane Cell Wall 2________ 3________ Phosphodiester Nucleotides: A,G,C,T,U Covalent Bonds 10________ Phospholipid Ester 4________ 6________ 8________ Covalent Bonds C, N, H, O, P Glucosamine + Muramic acid Covalent Bonds C, N, H, O Short Essays or Diagrams (Choose 3 of 4; Indicate which to disregard) (5 points) Describe the FIRST stage of chemical evolution. What were some of the small molecules that came together to form monomers and what energy sources were available? Where did this occur? What gas was missing? Give the names of several monomers that resulted. How can this process be demonstrated in the laboratory? (5 points) Give 4 lines of evidence that suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from endosymbiosis. Give the features that are in common and give details on how they are similar A. B. C. D. Short Essays or Diagrams (Choose 3 of 4; Indicate which to disregard) (5 points) Describe the SECOND stage of chemical evolution. What were some of the monomers that came together to form polymers? Where did this occur? What type of chemical reactions occurred? Give the names of several polymers that resulted. Which polymer was probably the most important? (5 points) Give 4 lines of evidence that suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from endosymbiosis. Give the features that are in common and give details on how they are similar A. B. C. D. (5 points) What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) What technical difficulty did Koch need to overcome to study specific microorganisms and how did he do it? 1. 2. 3. 4. Make a diagram of a mitochondrion indicating the outer membrane, the inner membrane, cristae, and the matrix. Indicate the biochemical activity associated with the cristae and the matrix. 5 points (5 points) What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) What technical difficulty did Koch need to overcome to study specific microorganisms and how did he do it? 1. 2. 3. 4. Make a diagram of a chloroplast indicating the outer membrane, the thylakoid membrane, grana, and the stroma. Indicate the biochemical activity associated with the membrane and the stroma. 5 points Fill in the following table with traits of the seven types of microorganisms described in the first two lectures. There is a number in bold face each time a response is required Metazoa 1. Algae 2. Bacteria 3. Viruses Typical Size range, m 100->500 m 4. 20-500 m 10-200 m 5. 1-10 m 6. Typical Shapes Insects, Worms Irregular Oval, Filamentous 7. Rods, Cocci, Vibrio, Spirillum, 10. 8. 11. 9. Single-celled, multicellular, neither, or both? Pathogenicity (always, occasionally, or never) Major groupings 12. Single-celled both (single) both 13. Single-celled 14. occasionally 15. occasionally occasionally occasionally 16. 17. Sarcodinian Ciliate Dinoflagellate Sporozoan 18. 19. 20A) (by host) Diatoms (chrysophyta) Yeasts 20B) Halophile Thermophile Methanogen Fill in the following table with traits of the seven types of microorganisms described in the first two lectures. There is a number in bold face each time a response is required 1. Protazoa Algae 2. Bacteria 3. Viruses Typical Size range, m 100->500 m 4. 20-500 m 10-200 m 5. 1-10 m 6. Typical Shapes Insects, Worms Irregular Oval, Filamentous Rods, Cocci, Vibrio, Spirillum, 7. 10. 8. 11. 9. Single-celled, multicellular, neither, or both? Pathogenicity (always, occasionally, or never) Major groupings 12. Single-celled both (single) both 13. Single-celled 14. occasionally 15. occasionally occasionally occasionally 16. 17. Sarcodinian Ciliate Dinoflagellate Sporozoan 18. 19. 20A) (by host) Diatoms (chrysophyta) Yeasts 20B) Halophile Thermophile Methanogen