Download Midterm Exam

BI 200 – Midterm Exam #1AB
Fall 2004
Name
Lab Section. Seat#
Disclaimer
Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice).
You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit,
you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated.
Multiple choice - 1 point each.
1.
A. Most microorganisms cause disease but are never involved in the development
of pharmaceuticals or other treatments for disease.
B. Microorganisms in the rumen help cows digest cellulose.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
only (A) is true
only (B) is true
both (A) and (B) are true
neither (A) nor (B) are true
2. RNA polymerase is responsible for:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
transcription
DNA replication
translation
all of the above
none of the above
3. An organism that uses the inorganic compound H2 gas as fuel would be considered
a(n)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Chemolithotroph
Halophile
Chemoorganotroph
Phototroph
Autotroph
4. Translation is carried out by _______________ and occurs in the ____________ of
prokaryotic cells.
a.
b.
c.
d.
RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome; cytoplasm
none of the above, prokaryotes do not have a cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum
5. DNA polymerase is responsible for:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
DNA replication
translation
transcription
all of the above
none of the above
6. The E. coli chromosome contains about _______ base pairs of DNA.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4,000
100,000
4.5 million
4.5 billion
7. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably
A) anoxygenic lithotrophs
B) anoxygenic phototrophs
C) oxygenic phototrophs
D) oxygenic lithotrophs
8. The most abundant gases in the early atmosphere of the Earth were probably
A) CH4, CO2, NH3, N2
B) CH4, H2, O2, N2
C) CH4, CO2, O2, N2
D) H2, CO2, O2, N2
9. Compared to today, the temperature on Earth during its first half billion years was
probably
A) considerably warmer (averaging perhaps 100 ºC)
B) considerably colder (averaging perhaps 10 ºC)
C) about the same as today
D) about the same as today on average but the diurnal fluctuations were much
greater
10. The earliest polymerization reactions were probably _______________ reactions;
and these occurred _________________.
A) dehydration / on exposed surfaces
B) hydrolysis/on exposed surfaces
C) dehydration /in the open ocean
D) dehydration /in the atmosphere
11. The earliest RNA probably functioned in
A) catalysis
B) genetic coding
C) neither catalysis and genetic coding
D) both catalysis nor genetic coding
12. In which of the environments is one most likely to find a thermophile?
A) the human body
B) Icelandic hot springs
C) the Great Salt lake
D) a glacier
E) a cow’s rumen
13. The isolation of DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus made possible the
technique of __________ where trillions of copies of DNA can be made from small
amounts. This made possible the forensic technique of _________________.
A) aseptic technique; enrichment culture
B) polymerase chain reaction; DNA fingerprinting
C) polymerase chain reaction; pure cultures
D) enrichment media; chemical evolution
E) enrichment culture; PCR
14. The first appreciable amounts of O2, 1% of the atmosphere, dates back to
_____________years ago. An abundance of stromatolites from the period contain fossils
resembling _______________.
A) 4.5 billion; Paracoccus
B) 2 billion; cyanobacteria
C) 4,000; Linnaeus
D) 1.2 billion; Trilobites
E) none of the above is reasonable
15. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably
A) anoxygenic phototrophs
B) anoxygenic lithotrophs
C) oxygenic phototrophs
D) oxygenic lithotrophs
16. An organism that can only live at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight cannot
reach is probably a ______________ and a _______________.
A) phototroph; alkaliphile
B) phototroph; barophile
C) chemotroph; alkaliphile
D) chemotroph; barophile
17. A bacterium is found in the Great Salt Lake. It requires high concentrations of salt
and sunlight to grow. It is
A) a halophile
B) a chemolithotroph
C) a phototroph
D) a and b
E) a and c
18. Thiobacillus grows by oxidizing S to SO42-, and lives in an environment with pH 2.
It is
A) an acidophile
B) a chemolithotroph
C) a heterotroph
D) A and B
E) A and C
19. Green algae get energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2. They are examples of
A) photoautotrophs
B) lithoautotrophs
C) chemoheterotrophs
D) photoheterotrophs
E) photolithotrophs
20. Which of the following is not composed of microtubules?
a.
b.
c.
d.
cilia
Golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
spindle apparatus
21. Which is a feature of archaean cell membranes?
A) ether linkages
B) muramic acid
C) sterols
D) hopanoids
22. Thermophilic archaea may form heat-stable membranes with diglycerol tetraethers
recognized as:
A) phospholipid bilayers
B) lipoteichoic acids
C) the periplasm
D) phospholipid monolayers
23. Bacterial flagella move in a manner that resembles _____________ and their energy
source is _____________
A) oars; the proton gradient
B) propellers; the proton gradient
C) pseudopods; ATP
D) whips; ATP
24. Which of the following types of genes might be found on a plasmid?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
genes for the sex pilus
antibiotic resistance genes
genes for ribosomes
(a) and (b)
all of the above
25. The terms “run” and “tumble” are generally associated with
A) cell wall fluidity.
B) cell membrane structures.
C) taxic movements of the cell.
D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria.
26. Which statement is true?
A) Lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella
are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells.
B) Peritrichous flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are tufts on
the “ends” of bacterial cells.
C) Polar flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous
flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells.
D) Polar flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are individual
flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells.
27. Which base pairings are correct, and the number of hydrogen bonds correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
C+T, 3
C+G, 3
C+G, 2
C+A, 3
BI 200 – Midterm Exam #1A
Fall 2004
Name
Lab Section. Seat#
Disclaimer
Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice).
You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit,
you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated.
Multiple choice - 1 point each.
1.
A. Most microorganisms cause disease but are never involved in the development
of pharmaceuticals or other treatments for disease.
B. Microorganisms in the rumen help cows digest cellulose.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
only (A) is true
only (B) is true
both (A) and (B) are true
neither (A) nor (B) are true
2. RNA polymerase is responsible for:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
translation
DNA replication
transcription
all of the above
none of the above
3. An organism that uses the inorganic compound H2 gas as fuel would be considered
a(n)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Phototroph
Halophile
Chemoorganotroph
Chemolithotroph
Autotroph
4. Translation is carried out by _______________ and occurs at the ____________ in
prokaryotic cells.
a.
b.
c.
d.
RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome; nucleus
none of the above, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum
5. DNA polymerase is responsible for:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
translation
DNA replication
transcription
all of the above
none of the above
6. The E. coli chromosome contains enough DNA for about _______ genes.
a.
b.
c.
d.
40
400
4,000
400,000
7. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably
A) anoxygenic phototrophs
B) anoxygenic lithotrophs
C) oxygenic phototrophs
D) oxygenic lithotrophs
8. The most abundant gases in the early atmosphere of the Earth were probably
A) CH4, CO2, O2, N2
B) CH4, H2, O2, N2
C) CH4, CO2, NH3, N2
D) H2, CO2, O2, N2
9. Compared to today, the temperature on Earth during its first half billion years was
probably
A) considerably warmer (averaging perhaps 100 ºC)
B) considerably colder (averaging perhaps 10 ºC)
C) about the same as today
D) about the same as today on average but the diurnal fluctuations were much
greater
10. The earliest polymerization reactions were probably _______________ reactions;
and these occurred _________________.
A) dehydration /in the atmosphere
B) hydrolysis/on exposed surfaces
C) dehydration /in the open ocean
D) dehydration / on exposed surfaces
11. The earliest RNA probably functioned in
A) catalysis
B) genetic coding
C) both catalysis and genetic coding
D) neither catalysis nor genetic coding
12. In which of the environments is one most likely to find a thermophile?
A) the human body
B) a glacier
C) the Great Salt lake
D) Icelandic hot springs
E) a cow’s rumen
13. The isolation of DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus made possible the
technique of __________ where trillions of copies of DNA can be made from small
amounts. This made possible the forensic technique of _________________.
A) aseptic technique; enrichment culture
B) enrichment media; chemical evolution
C) polymerase chain reaction; pure cultures
D) polymerase chain reaction; DNA fingerprinting
E) enrichment culture; PCR
14. The first appreciable amounts of O2, 1% of the atmosphere, dates back to
_____________years ago. An abundance of stromatolites from the period contain fossils
resembling _______________.
A) 2 billion; cyanobacteria
B) 4.5 billion; Paracoccus
C) 4,000; Linnaeus
D) 1.2 billion; Trilobites
E) none of the above is reasonable
15. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably
A) anoxygenic phototrophs
B) anoxygenic lithotrophs
C) oxygenic phototrophs
D) oxygenic lithotrophs
16. An organism that can only live at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight cannot
reach is probably a ______________ and a _______________.
A) phototroph; alkaliphile
B) chemotroph; barophile
C) chemotroph; alkaliphile
D) phototroph; barophile
17. A bacterium is found in the Great Salt Lake. It requires high concentrations of salt
and sunlight to grow. It is
A) a halophile
B) a chemolithotroph
C) a phototroph
D) a and b
E) a and c
18. Thiobacillus grows by oxidizing S to SO42-, and lives in an environment with pH 2.
It is
A) an acidophile
B) a chemolithotroph
C) a heterotroph
D) A and B
E) A and C
19. Green algae get energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2. They are examples of
A) chemoheterotrophs
B) lithoautotrophs
C) photoautotrophs
D) photoheterotrophs
E) photolithotrophs
20. Which of the following is not composed of microtubules?
a.
b.
c.
d.
cilia
spindle apparatus
cytoskeleton
Golgi apparatus
21. Which is a feature of archaean cell membranes?
A) ester linkages
B) phytanyls
C) sterols
D) hopanoids
22. Thermophilic archaea may form heat-stable membranes with diglycerol tetraethers
recognized as:
A) phospholipid bilayers
B) lipoteichoic acids
C) phospholipid monolayers
D) the periplasm
23. Bacterial flagella move in a manner that resembles _____________ and their energy
source is _____________
A) oars; the proton gradient
B) whips; ATP
C) pseudopods; ATP
D) propellers; the proton gradient
24. Which of the following types of genes might be found on a plasmid?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
genes for the sex pilus
antibiotic resistance genes
genes for ribosomes
(a) and (b)
all of the above
25. The terms “run” and “tumble” are generally associated with
A) cell wall fluidity.
B) cell membrane structures.
C) taxic movements of the cell.
D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria.
26. Which statement is true?
A) Lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella
are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells.
B) Peritrichous flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are tufts on
the “ends” of bacterial cells.
C) Polar flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous
flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells.
D) Polar flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are individual
flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells.
27. Which base pairings are correct, and the number of hydrogen bonds correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
C+T, 3
C+G, 2
C+G, 3
C+A, 3
Match the prokaryotic cell feature with the type of organism in (or on) which it might be
found. 1 point each
_____ Sulfur granule
A. An Archaea with no pseudomurein
_____ Endospore
B. A green algae such as Spirogyra
_____ Magnetosome
C. A Sulfur-oxidizing lithotroph like Beggiatoa
_____ Capsule
D. An F+ bacterium producing pili
_____ S-Layer
E. A microaerophile such as Aquaspirillum
_____ Gas vesicle
F. Bacillus or Clostridium
_____ Fimbriae
G. Streptococcus mutans causing tooth decay
_____ Plasmid
H. A cyanobacterium like Anabena
_____ Hydrogenosome
I. An anaerobic protozoa
_____ Chloroplast
J. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Complete the following table comparing the typical arrangement of DNA in Eukaryotes
and Prokaryotes. 4 points
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Shape of Chromosome
Copies of Each
Chromosome
Where is it found in the
cell?
Does supercoiling involves
histones?
(2 points) What are three advantages of having a capsule? Put a star by the most
important.
A-
B-
C-
(2 points) Bacterial endospores are (true or false)
_____ resistant to heat
_____ metabolically active
_____ rich in Calcium
_____ formed on the inside of cells
(4 points) Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic motility by completing the following
table.
Trait or Property
Appendages related to
motility
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Name of proteins that
appendages are composed
of
Motion of appendages
(What man-made structures
do they resemble?)
What form of energy is
required for motion?
Complete the following table, indicating the chemical structure of cell walls. 4 pts
Microorganism
Polymer
Bond Arrangement
Sub-units
1->4
Algae
Fungi
Bacteria
Archaea
Pseudomurein
N-acetylglucosamine
and N-acetylmuramic
acid
N-acetylglucosamine
and N-acetyltauronic
acid
Complete the following narrative by circling the appropriate term in each parenthesis so
that each sentence is accurate.
The cell or cytoplasmic membrane is a semi-permeable membrane composed of
phospholipids. It is a(n) (excellent, poor) chemical barrier that is (flexible, rigid).
Molecules that pass through are relatively (small, large) and are (non-polar, polar,
ionic). (Diffusion, transport) is the movement of molecules from high concentration to
low concentration and this (does, does not) require the expenditure of energy. Osmosis
is defined as the movement of (any molecule, water) across a semi-permeable
membrane from an area of (high, low) concentration to (high, low) concentration.
Sometimes a protein gate is required to allow entry of a molecule such as (maltose,
glucose, glycerol) by the process of (passive, facilitated) diffusion. Energy for transport
is provided by (sunlight, glucose, ATP), (H+, ΔG, F=ma), or phosphoenol pyruvate.
When a molecule is chemically modified as it enters this is known as (uniport, group
translocation, ABC transport) and (maltose, glucose, glycerol) is an example of such a
solute that enters in this way. Three proteins are involved in (symport, group
translocation, ABC transport) and (maltose, glucose, glycerol) is an example of such a
solute that enters in this way.
Matching. 1 point each. Place the name of one of the
microbiologists on the right that fits the description on
the left. You may use a name more than once, but place
only one answer in each – no multiple guesses.
Barnes
Beijerinck
Brock
_____________________________
Developed the concept of lithotrophy
_____________________________
Pure culture technique
Dewhirst
Fleming
Gordon
_____________________________
Enrichment technique
_____________________________
Aseptic technique
Koch
Lister
Pace
_____________________________
Germ theory of disease
_____________________________
Discovered penicillin and lysozyme
Pasteur
Salyers
Schopf
_____________________________
Any mentioned in “Hothouse Microbes” article
_____________________________
Any mentioned in “Earth’s Dominant Life Form” article
van Leeuwenhoek
Venter
Weinberg
_____________________________
Washington University researcher quoted that 400
species begin set up housekeeping in the baby’s gut
Winogradsky
Woese
_____________________________
UCLA scientist that found earliest possible fossils dating
back 3.5 billion years
Structure of prokaryotic cells: Elements, Bonds, Forces, Monomers, Polymers, and
Features.
Use the 10 terms listed below to complete the facing diagram which represents the bonds
and forces that hold together the prokaryotic cell, and their elements, monomers,
polymers, and structures. (Bonds and forces are in italics).
Fatty Acids,
Glycerol, +
PO43-
Polysaccharide
Hydrophobic
Interactions
C, N, H, O, S
Peptide
Bonds
Glycosidic
C, N, H, O, P
Ribosome
DNA
20 Amino Acids
1________
Enzymes
Hydrogen
Bonds +
Hydrophobic
Interactions
Hydrogen
Bonds
Protein
5________
7________
Covalent
Bonds
9________
RNA and
Protein
Chromosome
Hydrogen
Bonds
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
2________
3________
Phosphodiester
Nucleotides:
A,G,C,T,U
Covalent
Bonds
10________
Phospholipid
Ester
4________
6________
8________
Covalent
Bonds
C, N, H, O, P
Glucosamine +
Muramic acid
Covalent
Bonds
C, N, H, O
Short Essays or Diagrams (Choose 3 of 4; Indicate which to disregard)
(5 points) Describe the FIRST stage of chemical evolution. What were some of the
small molecules that came together to form monomers and what energy sources were
available? Where did this occur? What gas was missing? Give the names of several
monomers that resulted. How can this process be demonstrated in the laboratory?
(5 points) Give 4 lines of evidence that suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose
from endosymbiosis. Give the features that are in common and give details on how they
are similar
A.
B.
C.
D.
Short Essays or Diagrams (Choose 3 of 4; Indicate which to disregard)
(5 points) Describe the SECOND stage of chemical evolution. What were some of the
monomers that came together to form polymers? Where did this occur? What type of
chemical reactions occurred? Give the names of several polymers that resulted. Which
polymer was probably the most important?
(5 points) Give 4 lines of evidence that suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose
from endosymbiosis. Give the features that are in common and give details on how they
are similar
A.
B.
C.
D.
(5 points) What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown
to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) What technical difficulty did Koch
need to overcome to study specific microorganisms and how did he do it?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Make a diagram of a mitochondrion indicating the outer membrane, the inner membrane,
cristae, and the matrix. Indicate the biochemical activity associated with the cristae and
the matrix. 5 points
(5 points) What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown
to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) What technical difficulty did Koch
need to overcome to study specific microorganisms and how did he do it?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Make a diagram of a chloroplast indicating the outer membrane, the thylakoid membrane,
grana, and the stroma. Indicate the biochemical activity associated with the membrane
and the stroma. 5 points
Fill in the following table with traits of the seven types of microorganisms described in the first two lectures. There is a number in
bold face each time a response is required
Metazoa
1.
Algae
2.
Bacteria
3.
Viruses
Typical Size
range, m
100->500 m
4.
20-500 m
10-200 m
5.
1-10 m
6.
Typical
Shapes
Insects,
Worms
Irregular
Oval,
Filamentous
7.
Rods,
Cocci,
Vibrio,
Spirillum,
10.
8.
11.
9.
Single-celled,
multicellular,
neither, or
both?
Pathogenicity
(always,
occasionally,
or never)
Major
groupings
12.
Single-celled
both (single)
both
13.
Single-celled
14.
occasionally
15.
occasionally
occasionally
occasionally
16.
17.
Sarcodinian
Ciliate
Dinoflagellate
Sporozoan
18.
19.
20A)
(by host)
Diatoms
(chrysophyta)
Yeasts
20B)
Halophile
Thermophile
Methanogen
Fill in the following table with traits of the seven types of microorganisms described in the first two lectures. There is a number in
bold face each time a response is required
1.
Protazoa
Algae
2.
Bacteria
3.
Viruses
Typical Size
range, m
100->500 m
4.
20-500 m
10-200 m
5.
1-10 m
6.
Typical
Shapes
Insects,
Worms
Irregular
Oval,
Filamentous
Rods,
Cocci,
Vibrio,
Spirillum,
7.
10.
8.
11.
9.
Single-celled,
multicellular,
neither, or
both?
Pathogenicity
(always,
occasionally,
or never)
Major
groupings
12.
Single-celled
both (single)
both
13.
Single-celled
14.
occasionally
15.
occasionally
occasionally
occasionally
16.
17.
Sarcodinian
Ciliate
Dinoflagellate
Sporozoan
18.
19.
20A)
(by host)
Diatoms
(chrysophyta)
Yeasts
20B)
Halophile
Thermophile
Methanogen