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PAP Chemistry Name _______________________________ Period: ______________ 2 • Atomic & Molecular Structure Nuclear Chemistry Notes Section Objectives Students know how to relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its atomic number and atomic mass. (1a) Students know the energy release per gram of material is much larger in nuclear fusion or fission reactions than in chemical reactions. The change in mass (calculated by E = mc 2) is small but significant in nuclear reactions. (11b) Students know some naturally occurring isotopes of elements are radioactive, as are isotopes formed in nuclear reactions. (11c) Students know the three most common forms of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, and gamma) and know how the nucleus changes in each type of decay. (11d) Students know alpha, beta, and gamma radiation produce different amounts and kinds of damage in matter and have different penetrations. (11e) _______ Antoine Henri Becquerel along with Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that __________ emits __________ rays. Marie Curie named the process of uranium giving off rays, __________. __________ is the penetrating __________ given off a radioactive source. Becquerel and the Curies won the Nobel Prize in __________ in __________ for their discovery This theory disproved __________ idea of an __________ atom. Certain isotopes, called __________ are radioactive because they have __________ nuclei. __________ of a nucleus is determined by the ratio of __________ to __________. Too many __________ leads to an __________ nucleus. When a nucleus is unstable, it __________ energy by emitting radiation during the process called __________ __________. Through radioactive __________, unstable __________ of one element are changed into stable, __________ isotopes of a __________ element. This process is called __________________. “Trans-” means across and “mutation” is a change. Radioactive decay is __________ and does not require any input of _________. Types of Radiation There are _______ main types of radiation that can be emitted during __________ __________. __________ radiation __________ radiation __________ radiation Alpha radiation consists of __________ nuclei that have been emitted. Alpha particles contain __________ protons and __________ neutrons and have __________ charge. An alpha particle is written as or __________. The charge is ________ used. When an atom _________ an alpha particle, the atomic number of the product atom is ________ by ________ and its ________ number is lower by _______. Uranium-238 thorium-234 + particle Since -particles have a large __________ and charge, they do not travel far and can be stopped by _________ and even ________ ________ ________. We can say alpha particles are ________ -__________. They can be __________ if they are swallowed. __________ radiation consists of ________ -__________ __________ formed by the decomposition of a __________ of an atom. The neutron breaks into a __________ and an __________. The fast-moving __________ are called __________ -__________ The __________ stays in the nucleus and the electron is __________ from the atom. Beta-particles are represented by ____ and using _______ Carbon-14 nitrogen-14 + -particle Beta-particles have _______ the charge and are much __________ than alpha-particles. Therefore they can travel ________ and are ________ penetrating. Beta-particles can be stopped by __________ _______ and pieces of ______. Gamma radiation is also called __________ radiation. The __________ we see is also electromagnetic radiation, but much __________ energy. Gamma rays are often emitted by nuclei of __________ radioactive atoms along with __________ or __________ radiation. Gamma rays have no __________ and no __________ charge. They are represented with __________ symbol . Gamma radiation does not change the __________ number or __________ number of an atom. X-radiation (___ -_______) are __________ emitted during radioactive decay. X-rays are made as excited ________ in certain ________ ______ their energy. Except for their origins, gamma rays and x-rays are very __________. They both pass through _______________, _____________, and the _________ __________. They can be stopped by several ________________ of _________________ or several centimeters of __________. Alpha radiation is emitted when thorium-235 decays. Write a balanced nuclear reaction for its decay. Beta radiation is emitted when strontium-90 decays. Write a balanced nuclear reaction for its decay. Sometimes electrons can be captured. Nickel-59 will capture an electron: Nuclear Fission & Fusion With spontaneous nuclear fission a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei and releases large amounts of energy Californium-252 can split spontaneously Einstein & Nuclear Reactions Fusion occurs when nuclei _______________ to produce a nucleus of _______________ mass. Fusion reactions tend to release _______________ energy than _______________ reactions. Fusion reactions occur in the Sun. _______________ nuclei fuse to make _______________ nuclei. Below is the fusion reaction that occurs on the Sun: