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C. Froese Fischer and D. Ellis
C. Froese Fischer and D. Ellis

Geometry, Frustration, and Exotic Order in Magnetic Systems
Geometry, Frustration, and Exotic Order in Magnetic Systems

GPS semester review
GPS semester review

... a. electrons, protons, and nuclei c. protons, neutrons, and nuclei b. elements, protons, and electrons d. protons, neutrons, and electrons ____ 137. In an atom, electrons ____. a. are located in the nucleus c. travel outside the nucleus b. are paired with neutrons d. are always in the same place in ...
Class XI worksheet - Indian School Muscat
Class XI worksheet - Indian School Muscat

Ultracold Fermions in Two-Dimensional Planes with Dipolar
Ultracold Fermions in Two-Dimensional Planes with Dipolar

Chapter 5 | Molecular Orbitals
Chapter 5 | Molecular Orbitals

... l inear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO) , the sums and differences of the atomic  wave functions. For diatomic molecules such as   H2,  such wave functions have the form    = caca + cbcb    here     is the molecular wave function,   ca  and   cb  are atomic wave functions for atoms  w a  an ...
Exact Results for Thermodynamics of the Hydrogen Plasma
Exact Results for Thermodynamics of the Hydrogen Plasma

1.1 - ChaosBook.org
1.1 - ChaosBook.org

AP Chemistry-midterm review
AP Chemistry-midterm review

... ____ 51. Heating MgSO4•7H2O at 150 C produces MgSO4•xH2O. If heating 24.4 g of pure MgSO4•7H2O at 150 C were to give 13.7 g of pure MgSO4•xH2O, calculate the value for x. a. 5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2 e. 1 ____ 52. An ore of lead is 45.0% pure lead sulfide, PbS, and 55.0% impurities in which no other lead com ...
Free-energy calculations - Theoretical and Computational
Free-energy calculations - Theoretical and Computational

Physik-Department Technische Universität München
Physik-Department Technische Universität München

Many-body physics with ultracold gases
Many-body physics with ultracold gases

Entanglement Theory and the Quantum
Entanglement Theory and the Quantum

... problems. We then present a negative result on the usefulness of quantum computers in determining the ground-state energy of local Hamiltonians: Even under the promise that the spectral gap of the Hamiltonian is larger than an inverse polynomial in the number of sites, already for one-dimensional Ha ...
Multiple Choice Exam Review June 2016
Multiple Choice Exam Review June 2016

... ____ 12. The shape of SO2 is trigonal planar. ____________________ ____ 13. The valence p orbitals in phosphorus, P, are half-filled. ____________________ ____ 14. All of the valence electrons in Fe2+ must have the same spin. _________________________ ____ 15. The shape of boron trifluoride, BF3, is ...
annurev.pc.33.100182.. - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
annurev.pc.33.100182.. - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry

The electronic properties of graphene
The electronic properties of graphene

... efit of hindsight, no experimental tools existed to search for one-atom-thick flakes among the pencil debris covering macroscopic areas 共Geim and MacDonald, 2007兲. Graphene was eventually spotted due to the subtle optical effect it creates on top of a chosen SiO2 substrate 共Novoselov et al., 2004兲 t ...
Lecture on DFT in English is available on the web page
Lecture on DFT in English is available on the web page

GR0177 Solutions
GR0177 Solutions

Escape from a metastable state - Physik Uni
Escape from a metastable state - Physik Uni

Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models
Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models

Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models
Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models

physical setting chemistry
physical setting chemistry

... carefully, tear off your answer sheet and fill in the heading. Your answer booklet for Part B–2 and Part C is stapled in the center of this examination booklet. Open the examination booklet, carefully remove your answer booklet, and close the examination booklet. Then fill in the heading of your ans ...
Lecture 04 10 Sep 13 - MSU Engineering
Lecture 04 10 Sep 13 - MSU Engineering

... Count carriers nS available for current – Pr. 1.3 (1-DEG) How nS influences scattering in unexpected ways – Pr 1.1 (2-DEG) One dimensional electron gas (1-DEG) Special Schrödinger eqn (Con E) that accommodates: Electronic confinement: band bending due to space charge Useful external B-field ...
Perspective: Fifty years of density-functional theory in chemical physics
Perspective: Fifty years of density-functional theory in chemical physics

... somehow contained in the total electron density alone, is so compelling it can drive one mad. I attended my first DFT conference in 1983, a two week NATO workshop in Alcabideche, Portugal.1 The intensity of the debates and the level of scientific excitement at the meeting were impressive. I was hook ...
Fundamentals of Semiconductors
Fundamentals of Semiconductors

1 2 3 4 5 ... 252 >

Molecular Hamiltonian

In atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry, the molecular Hamiltonian is the Hamiltonian operator representing the energy of the electrons and nuclei in a molecule. This operator and the associated Schrödinger equation play a central role in computational chemistry and physics for computing properties of molecules and aggregates of molecules, such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, electrical conductivity, optical, and magnetic properties, and reactivity.The elementary parts of a molecule are the nuclei, characterized by their atomic numbers, Z, and the electrons, which have negative elementary charge, −e. Their interaction gives a nuclear charge of Z + q, where q = −eN, with N equal to the number of electrons. Electrons and nuclei are, to a very good approximation, point charges and point masses. The molecular Hamiltonian is a sum of several terms: its major terms are the kinetic energies of the electrons and the Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions between the two kinds of charged particles. The Hamiltonian that contains only the kinetic energies of electrons and nuclei, and the Coulomb interactions between them, is known as the Coulomb Hamiltonian. From it are missing a number of small terms, most of which are due to electronic and nuclear spin.Although it is generally assumed that the solution of the time-independent Schrödinger equation associated with the Coulomb Hamiltonian will predict most properties of the molecule, including its shape (three-dimensional structure), calculations based on the full Coulomb Hamiltonian are very rare. The main reason is that its Schrödinger equation is very difficult to solve. Applications are restricted to small systems like the hydrogen molecule.Almost all calculations of molecular wavefunctions are based on the separation of the Coulomb Hamiltonian first devised by Born and Oppenheimer. The nuclear kinetic energy terms are omitted from the Coulomb Hamiltonian and one considers the remaining Hamiltonian as a Hamiltonian of electrons only. The stationary nuclei enter the problem only as generators of an electric potential in which the electrons move in a quantum mechanical way. Within this framework the molecular Hamiltonian has been simplified to the so-called clamped nucleus Hamiltonian, also called electronic Hamiltonian, that acts only on functions of the electronic coordinates.Once the Schrödinger equation of the clamped nucleus Hamiltonian has been solved for a sufficient number of constellations of the nuclei, an appropriate eigenvalue (usually the lowest) can be seen as a function of the nuclear coordinates, which leads to a potential energy surface. In practical calculations the surface is usually fitted in terms of some analytic functions. In the second step of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation the part of the full Coulomb Hamiltonian that depends on the electrons is replaced by the potential energy surface. This converts the total molecular Hamiltonian into another Hamiltonian that acts only on the nuclear coordinates. In the case of a breakdown of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation—which occurs when energies of different electronic states are close—the neighboring potential energy surfaces are needed, see this article for more details on this.The nuclear motion Schrödinger equation can be solved in a space-fixed (laboratory) frame, but then the translational and rotational (external) energies are not accounted for. Only the (internal) atomic vibrations enter the problem. Further, for molecules larger than triatomic ones, it is quite common to introduce the harmonic approximation, which approximates the potential energy surface as a quadratic function of the atomic displacements. This gives the harmonic nuclear motion Hamiltonian. Making the harmonic approximation, we can convert the Hamiltonian into a sum of uncoupled one-dimensional harmonic oscillator Hamiltonians. The one-dimensional harmonic oscillator is one of the few systems that allows an exact solution of the Schrödinger equation.Alternatively, the nuclear motion (rovibrational) Schrödinger equation can be solved in a special frame (an Eckart frame) that rotates and translates with the molecule. Formulated with respect to this body-fixed frame the Hamiltonian accounts for rotation, translation and vibration of the nuclei. Since Watson introduced in 1968 an important simplification to this Hamiltonian, it is often referred to as Watson's nuclear motion Hamiltonian, but it is also known as the Eckart Hamiltonian.
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