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Download Plant Breeding is the actual application of the genetics research
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▪ Plant Breeding is the actual application of the genetics research when it comes to agriculture. Human selection for features such as faster growth, larger seeds or sweeter fruits has dramatically changed domesticated plant species compared to their wild relatives. ▪ The corn we eat today is the result of decades of using the strategy of self-pollination followed by cross-pollination to produce vigorous hybrid plants. ▪ The art of recognizing valuable traits and incorporating them into future generations is very important in plant breeding. Breeders have traditionally scrutinized their fields and traveled to foreign countries searching for individual plants that exhibit desirable traits. Such traits occasionally arise spontaneously through a process called mutation, but the natural rate of mutation is too slow and unreliable to produce all the plants that breeders would like to see. ▪ In the late 1920s, researchers discovered that they could greatly increase the number of these variations or mutations by exposing plants to X-rays. "Mutation breeding" accelerated after World War II, when the techniques of the nuclear age became widely available. Plants were exposed to gamma rays, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, and beta particles to see if these would induce useful mutations. Chemicals, too, such as sodium azide and ethyl methanesulphonate, were used to cause mutations. WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING? The process of genetic engineering is known by many different names such as gene, or DNA manipulation, gene splicing, transgenics and many others. However the underlying processes all have the same aim and that is: "To isolate single genes of a known function from one organism and transfer a copy of that gene to a new host to introduce a desirable characteristic" Effects in Agriculture Use of herbicides and pesticide resistant genes 1. Pests and diseases can develop tolerance to the genetically conferred pest and disease resistance. This may mean that resistance quickly becomes obsolete and other methods may be required to control the pest or disease. 2. The genetically modified crop may interbreed with closely related weed type species, thus making these weeds difficult to control with some specific herbicides. 3. It is also thought that the genetically modified crop itself may become a weed in its own right due to its resistance to chemicals and potentially wide range of climate tolerance if it was allowed to escape the confines of the paddock. Displacement of indigenous flora and fauna competitive than native flora and fauna in the native species own ecological niche. Examples of potential devastation can be seen in the introduction of gorse, rabbits, stoats, possums and even domestic cats which were introduced without full understanding of the impact their release would have on native ecosystems. It is everybody’s responsibility to ensure native flora and fauna are sustained for future generations.