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Final Exam Review _A__ 2010-2011 Correct Points Names_______________Jared____________________________ ___ = ______% grade Chapter(s) Key Concepts 1. p 22 2. p 44 3. p 70 4. p 96 5. p 116 Total Points Possible 75 1. List: The 5 major characteristics of Living Things Answer: a. Made up of cells b. Grow and develope c. Obtain and use energy d. Respond to their environment e. Able to reproduce 2. Question: How many variables does a scientific experiment use at a time? Answer: A scientific experiment uses one or more control groups and one variable. 3. Question: What is used to measure a variable’s effects? Answer: A control group provides a bench mark to measure the variables effects. 4. List: The four major steps of the scientific method: Answer: a. Stating a problem b. Proposing a hypothesis for the problem c. testing the hypothesis in an experiment d. Analyzing the results and drawing conclusions 5. Question: What is the key difference among atoms of different elements? Answer: The key difference among the atoms of different elements is their number of protons and electrons. 6. Question: Which chemical bonds transfer electrons? Answer: An ionic bond transfers electrons. 7. Question: Which chemical bonds share electrons? Answer: An covalent bond shares electrons. 8. Fill in the blank: __________molecules (for example: water) can dissolve ionic substances. 1 Answer: NaCl 9. Fill in the blank: ________ of a water solution indicates its concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions. Answer: pH Fill in the blank: ___________ atoms are the organic compounds that form the backbone of every large molecule in living organisms. Answer: Carbon 10. Question: What is a large molecule made of units of monomers called? Answer: Polymer 11. Question: What is a macromolecule? Answer: Macromolecules are large organic polymers. 12. List: The 4 major classes of macromolecules: Answer: a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Nucleic acids 13. Question: What are the proteins called that catalyze almost every chemical reaction in living things? Answer: Enzymes 14. Question: Stereoisomers have the same atoms and the same bonds, but how do they differ? Answer: The atoms are oriented differently in space. 15. Fill in the blank: Anton van Leeuwenhoek used microscopes to identify small ___________________ Answer: Living things 16. Fill in the blank: Robert Hooke was the first person to identify _________________ Answer: Identify cells 17. List: The 3 components of the Cell Theory Answer: a. Living cells are made up of cells 2 b. Cells are the smallest working units of living things c. Cells arise from the division of other cells 18. Fill in the blank: The ________________________separates and protects the cell from its surroundings. Answer: Cell membrane 19. Question: What is a lipid bilayer? Answer: The cell membrane contains a double layer of lipids. 20. List & Match: The 2 types of transport used to move substances in and out of cells. Answer: a. _____Passive______ transport moves substances from areas of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. b. _____Active___________ transport uses energy across a concentration difference. 21. Question: Which cell structure contains almost all the cell’s DNA? Answer: The nucleus 22. Question: What is an organelle? Answer: A small structure that performs a specialized function within the cell. 23. List: The name of the organelle that does the described function. Answer: a. _______Ribosome__________ assembles proteins b. ______Endoplasmic Reticulum____ processes, & transports proteins & other macromolecules c. _______Golgi__________ helps the ER package and ship proteins d. ________Lysosome_________ do the housekeeping in the cell e. ______Cytoskeleton___________ supports the cell (skeleton) f. ______Vacuole____________ storage containers g. ______Mitochondria____________ produces energy from chemical fuel h. _______Chloroplast___________ harvest the energy of the sunlight 24. Fill in the blank with either (animal or plant) 3 Answer: a. Vacuoles store fats, proteins and carbohydrates in _____animal_________ cells. b. Vacuoles store water and dissolved salts in ____plant__________ cells. c. Chloroplasts provide energy for ____plant________cells. 25. Fill in the blank: The _________ __________ states that, billions of years ago eukaryotic cells arose as a combination of different prokaryotic cells. Answer: Endosymbiont hypothesis 26. Fill in the blank: High energy bonds in ______________ are used for storing and releasing energy in cells. Answer: ATP 27. Fill in the blank: ________________ is the chemical reaction process caused by the breaking down of molecules of glucose. Answer: Glycolysis 28. Fill in the blank: The process (from question 27) can continue without oxygen by a process known as ____________________, and there are two types __________________and _____________________. Answer: a. Fermentation b. Lactic acid c. Alcoholic fermentation 29. Question: What is respiration? Answer: The release of energy from the breakdown of food molecules in the presence of oxygen. 30. Question: In the cytoplasm during respiration, glucose is broken down during glycolysis into _________________________ hint* (an acid). Answer: Pyruvic 31. Fill in the blank: Green plants use sunlight to produce energy in the form of _________________________. This process is known as _______________________________. Answer: a. Carbohydrates b. Photosynthesis 4 32. Fill in the blank: Electrical charges (energy) across both animal and plant cell membranes can be used to attach a ________________ to ______ to make _______. Answer: a. Phosphate b. ADP c. ATP 33. Question: What is chemiosmosis? Answer: ATP is generated when hydrogen ions move from a high concentrated to a low concentration. 34. Question: What is the name of the process where eukaryotic cells divide into 2 independent cells? Answer: Cell division 35. List: The 4 cycles when a cell copies itself and divides. Answer: a. G1 b. S c. G2 d. M 36. List: The 4 phases of mitosis. Answer: a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase 37. Describe: The parts of a chromosome. Answer: a. Chromatids b. Centromere 38. List: How cells are grouped in multicellular cells. Answer: a. Cells are grouped into tissues 5 b. Organs c. Organ system 6